Unethical Practices free essay sample

Mitsubishi Motors Corporation presently showcases more than 16 kinds of vehicles in the Philippines, following 45 years of activity. Vehicles go from the effectively unmistakable Lancer, Galant, and Eclipse traveler vehicles, to light business vehicles of various pictures and purposes: the omnipresent PaJero, and the dynamic Strada, Montero Sport, Grandis and Fuzion. Likewise remembered for the line-up are Adventure, L300 Versa-Van, and business vans. Moving the business are the FK/FM trucks and the Rosa transports. Shipped perfectly etween the light obligation pick-ups and substantial haulers are the Canter light truck and Rosa little transport. Today, Mitsubishi, headed in the Philippines by Mr. Masahiko Ueki, produces a great many vehicles a year in a 190,294 sq. m. plant along Ortigas Avenue Ext, Cainta Rizal. Mr. Masahiko Ueki is driving the organization to concentrate on four significant concerns: Manufacturing, Marketing, Labor/Management Corporation and Community Involvement. In assembling, creation programs are pointed towards item quality. Quality Circles give the driving force to nonstop Improvement of assembling forms prompting improved quality and cost-viability. We will compose a custom article test on Unscrupulous Practices or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page With Total Customer Satisfaction staying to be the basic responsibility, the significance of conveying items and administrations that are adjust to the mind boggling and changing necessities of the clients in the Philippine market setting stays to be the trusted of showcasing exercises and endeavors. With everything taken into account following 45 years of presence in the countrys car industry, Mitsubishi Motors keeps on offering quality items and administrations to the Philippine market.

Effects of Jejemon Essay

How to Write a Proposal The Last Guide Youll Ever Need

How to Write a Proposal The Last Guide Youll Ever Need As a sales person, one of the most exciting things is the moment where you finally convert a hot lead into an actual sale.Before sealing the deal, however, you most likely have to deal with some paperwork, the most important of which is probably the sales probably the sales proposal.A lot of sales people do not like writing the sales proposal.The see it as a necessary evil that they have to put up with in pursuit of the deal.So they just craft a passable proposal and send it to the client, and are left wondering why they lost the deal.In truth, the sales proposal provides you with a big opportunity to win new business.With a well written proposal, you can differentiate yourself, help your company stand out, and convince the client why you are the best person for the job.It can literally be the difference between having tons of new business and talking to numerous prospects without ever converting them into paying clients.In this guide, I’ll provide you with everything you need to k now about writing high quality sales proposals â€" the key stages of writing the proposal, what you should include in the proposal, best practices for writing proposals, and several other helpful tips that will make your sales proposals more appealing and increase your chances of winning new business.WHAT IS A BUSINESS PROPOSAL?The sales proposal, also referred to as the business proposal, is the ultimate sales document. It is a multi-page document that gives an overview of all the value that that you are offering the client.The proposal is tailored to each client and outlines who you are, what services you offer, which of your client’s problems you want to solve and how you intend to solve the problem, the results that the client should expect from you, and the amount of money your services will cost your client.It’s good to note that the business proposal is different from the business plan.A lot of people confuse between the two.Whereas the business plan is generic and is aim ed at selling your entire business to prospective investors, the business proposal is tailored to a specific client and is aimed at selling a specific product or service to this client.It is also good to note that you don’t need to write a business proposal for every single sale you make.Sales proposals are typically required when dealing with large organizations with complex sales processes or defined RFP processes.WHEN IS IT NECESSARY TO WRITE A PROPOSAL? Before you start writing the proposal, you first need to stop and ask yourself if you should really be writing the proposal.Sometimes, sales people end up wasting their time writing proposals when these proposals do not move them any closer to making the sale.A sales proposal can be compared to a marriage proposal.Unless you’re a sucker for embarrassment, you probably wouldn’t propose to someone in the first date.Even when you have dated someone for a while, you would only propose if you think the two of you are suited for each other. The same thing applies to sales proposal.You should only write a proposal if you think the relationship between you and the client is ready for commitment. In other words, the client should be ready to buy.Therefore, before you sit down to write the proposal, you should make sure that:The client is serious about the project: You should only send a proposal if you think that the client is serious about getting the project started. If you’re talking to a client who is kicking tires or is in the early stages of searching for a solution, you should hold off writing the proposal until you are certain that they are serious about making the purchase.You have a realistic chance of getting the business: There is no point in wasting time writing a proposal if you really don’t have a chance of making the sale. If your solution is not aligned with what the client is looking for, you are wasting your time. If the client is looking for solutions way below your price, they probably won’t buy from you, and writing the proposal is therefore a waste of time. This is time that could have been better spent prospecting for more and better clients.You have discussed the scope of work and budget with the client: Sometimes, you might be tempted to hold off discussing the specifics of the project until the very last minute, because you are afraid that holding this discussion at the beginning might make it harder to close the deal. However, here’s the thing. If you write your proposal without having this discussion, you will have a hard time matching what the client expects, and therefore the proposal won’t be of much use.The client requires you to submit a proposal: Like I mentioned earlier, the proposal is not always necessary. If you can make the sale without having to write the proposal, there’s not much need for it. However, some clients will require you to submit a proposal before they can consider working with you. In such situations, you have no other ch oice but to write the proposal, even if the other factors discussed above have not been met.BEFORE WRITING THE PROPOSALHaving ascertained that the proposal is actually necessary, the next thing you need to do before writing the proposal is to have a sit down with the client and have a discussion about the project and what they are looking for.During this discussion, you should ask the following questions.The answers to these questions will help you create a high quality proposal.What challenges is the client experiencing? The client is considering working with you because they have a problem that they need to solve. In order to show that you can efficiently and effectively solve the client’s problems, you first need to understand what these problems are.What does the client expect from the project? You need to understand what results it would take in order for the client to consider the project as a success. Here, you should help the client come up with clear, concrete goals and e xpectations. A good example of a goal is something like increasing sales by 20% or generating 50% more leads. With such a goal, it will be clear to the both of you what a successful completion of the project entails.What is the client’s budget? Since the proposal contains pricing information, you should have a good idea of the client’s budget before writing the proposal. This way, you can come up with pricing that is within the client’s range. Knowing the client’s budget beforehand also helps you weed out clients who are not able to match your rate expectations.When does the client expect the results? You should also have a good idea of the timelines within which the client expects the results to be delivered. This will help you determine if you can realistically meet these expectations, and how to plan the project in order to meet them.Who will be your contact person? The person you are in contact with at the moment might not be your primary contact once the project is unde rway. Therefore, before writing your proposal, you should find out the person you’ll regularly be working with. This will also help you identify the correct person to deliver the proposal to.WRITING THE PROPOSALOnce you have the answers to the above questions, it is now time to write the proposal.While there’s no one-size-fits-all approach to writing the sales proposal, every proposal should mention three things” the challenges the client is facing, your solution to these challenges, and the cost of providing the solution.Below are some of the elements that the sales proposal should include:The Title PageThe title page should include the title of the proposal, the name of the company, the date of submission, and the name of the client.When crafting the title, don’t write a generic title, such as “Proposal to Company XYZ.” Instead, you want to make the title engaging and snappy.It should give the reader an idea of what the proposal is about.An example of a good title woul d be “SEO Assessment and Optimization Offer for Company XYZ.” Here are some tips on how to write better proposal titles.Table of ContentsIncluding a table of contents makes it easy for the client to know what the business proposal covers and how to get to each section.If the proposal is being delivered in digital format, the table of contents should be clickable to make it easier for the reader to navigate between the different sections. If your proposal is relatively short, you can omit the table of contents.Executive SummaryThis section should contain a short summary of what is contained in the proposal.In a few minutes, it should be able to tell the reader why your product or service is the best for solving the client’s problems.By simply reading the executive summary, the client should be able to determine what they stand to gain from working with you.It is almost akin to a value proposition.In most cases, executives skim over business documents before deciding whether the y are worthy of their time.A well written executive summary convinces the reader to go through the rest of your proposal.Problem StatementThis section should include a detailed description of the challenges the client is experiencing.Here, you want to show that you thoroughly understand what problem they need solved.Remember, without a good understanding of the client’s problem, you cannot come up with an effective solution.Proposed SolutionThis is the most important part of your sales proposal. This is where you discuss in detail how you are going to solve the client’s problem.This is where you also get to show the client why your solution is best suited to the client compared to what your competitors are proposing.When discussing the solution, this is where you talk about what methods you’ll use to solve the problem, the timelines for the project, the deliverables the client should expect, and so on.You should also define the scope of the solution at this point.Defining the scope helps prevent the project from extending to things you had not initially agreed on.For instance, if you are revamping a client’s website, this might include shifting to a better host, redoing the site design, and redoing the graphics, but it might not include something like copywriting for the site.This should be made clear in the proposed solution section.QualificationsThe client wants to know that you are actually capable of doing what you are proposing.This section should show the client why they should trust that you will deliver.A good way of communicating your qualifications is to mention your industry accreditations, any industry awards you have won, and so on.You can also include the case studies of the clients you have successfully worked with previously.Pricing InformationThis section gives the client information about how much it will cost them for the solution you are proposing.Here, you can use an hourly or fixed pricing structure, or you can create a responsive pricing table that adjusts the price automatically, depending on the products or services the client is interested in.Having had a prior discussion of the client’s budget really comes in handy when coming up with pricing information.About UsYou might be surprised that this section is coming so late in the proposal, instead of being among the first sections.However, here’s the thing.The number one concern for the client is not who you are, but rather what you can do for them, and how much it will cost them.If you’ve gotten this right, the client might now be interested in knowing who you are.This is why this section should come after you have convinced the client that you can actually help them with the challenges they are facing.In the about us section, you should provide your company’s contact information, a short overview of the company, and an overview of the key personnel who will be involved in the project.Terms and ConditionsThis section contains the fine print about the project timelines, payment schedules, and so on.It’s basically a summary of what you and the client are agreeing to in the event that you decide to go ahead with the project.It’s always advisable to have your company’s legal team look through the terms and conditions to make sure every is in order before delivering the proposal.AgreementInstead of having to send over other documents once the client is pleased with the terms of your proposal, it is more advisable to include a signature box at the end of the proposal so that the client can sign on right away.This allows them to make the decision while they still have the excitement of reading the proposal.TIPS ON HOW TO MAKE YOUR PROPOSALS MORE APPEALING Source: SalesforceBelow are some best practices and tips that can help make your sales proposal more appealing and increase your chances of sealing the deal:Don’t make it too long: While there is no specified ideal length of a sales proposal, it is always advisable to keep it short, about two to three pages at most. Most people have short attention spans, and the longer you make it, the higher the chances that it will not be read. The focus should therefore be on quality rather than quantity. However, sometimes a client’s RFP process might require a longer proposal, in which case you should adhere to the guidelines of the RFP process.List the deliverables separate from your pricing: While outlining the deliverables for the project, you might be tempted to list a price next to each deliverable. The problem with this approach is that it switches the focus of the client from the importance of the deliverable in relation to the completion of the entire project, to how much the delive rable contributes to the final price. This might make the client think twice about a certain deliverable, even when the deliverable is crucial for the successful completion of the overall project.Avoid using technical language: When discussing your solution to the client’s problem, try to keep your language as simple as possible. Remember, whoever gets to read the proposal might not have the same technical background as you. You want to make it easy for them to understand the proposal.Pay attention to the financial words you use: When discussing the financial implications of the project, pay attention to the kind of words you use. For instance, referring to what you charge the client as “investment” implies that this money will pay off, while referring to the charges as “fees” could give the implication that this money is a cost they will never recoup. Such small differences in wording can have a huge impact on your client’s perception of the project.Include data and vis uals: To make your proposal even more convincing, include compelling, quantitative data about the project, and use visual tools such as graphs and charts to make the information easy to consume and understand.Show, don’t tell: Don’t just tell the client that you are the best company that they can work with, or that you can help them achieve results. Instead, show them the results you have helped your previous clients achieve. You can do this through cases studies, testimonials, and so on.Make your proposal accessible: Think about the format in which your potential client would like to have the proposal delivered. Some prefer simple word documents, others prefer PDF format, some prefer printed hard copies, while others might prefer video. Take the client’s preferences into consideration when delivering the proposal. If you are delivering the proposal in digital format, make sure that it is viewable on difference devices.If you are submitting the proposal in response to a RFP, t here’s a chance that the client has specified the process through which they would like the proposals submitted, ranging from mailing of hard copies to sharing upload links.Clients use such instructions to make it easier for them to handle a huge volume of submissions and to weed out companies that do not follow instructions.Make sure to carefully read the client’s directions on how to submit and follow them strictly.Be authentic: In a bid to impress the client, some sales people may give an unrealistic view of their services or lie about some things. For instance, they might promise to complete a project in a much shorter time than is actually possible. Resist the temptation to do this. Instead, be sincere and truthful and only promise the client what you believe you can realistically deliver. It is far much better to lose a sale because you were truthful, than to win the sale and then fail to deliver as per the client’s expectations.Make your proposal aesthetically pleasing: Graphics have an influence on the first impression your proposal makes, and can also make it easier (or harder) for the client to understand your proposal. If your company has a graphic designer, consult with them to help you create a visually appealing document. Some things to keep in mind here include using clear, legible fonts, using whitespace liberally, making sure that all charts and visual information is clear, and using typographic hierarchy to make the document easier to read.Once you are done writing your proposal, go through it once again to make sure that there are no grammatical or spelling mistakes, that all the requirements of the RFP have been addressed, that what you have promised the client can be delivered realistically, and so on.If everything looks good at this point, you can go ahead and deliver the proposal to the client.WRAPPING UPWhile most sales people tend to treat the sales proposal like a barrier they have to overcome on their way to making a sale, you can actually improve your sales by taking the time to craft high quality sales proposals.If you follow the tips and guidelines shared in this article, you will find it a lot easier to write sales proposals, your proposals will become a lot more appealing, and you will start closing more sales.Give it a try and let us know how it goes.

10 Essential Civil Rights Songs

Censorship in Literature and Why We Need to Get Rid of It

Harry Potter. The Giver. To Kill A Mockingbird. And Tango Makes Three. Of Mice And Men. The Witches. The list goes on forever. These are all books that have been banned for profanity, references to the occult and witchcraft, references to drugs and alcohol, and many other reasons. Censorship could have started as early as 339 BCE in Rome, when Socrates, a renowned Greek Philosopher, was sentenced to drink poison for his corruption of youth and his acknowledgement of unorthodox divinities (Newth 1). This was what modern censorship evolved from, the punishments becoming less and less severe from the poison drinking. Censorship is the act of limiting access and knowledge of ideas and materials, enforced by a higher official. Censorship should not be a concept used in society due to lack of civil rights, limited knowledge, and how censorship affects everyone. Our civil rights are our rights to political and social equality. Some examples of civil rights are our right to vote at the age of 18, freedom from involuntary servitude, and freedom of speech, press and assembly (US Legal). Censorship deals with the freedom of choice, specifically freedom of choice of literature. American Library Association’s President Roberta Stevens says that â€Å"not every book is right for each reader, but we should have the right to think for ourselves and allow others to do the same† (Book Banning Alive And Well In the U.S. 1). An unexpurgated world would be better than this one, as it allows for theShow MoreRelatedIgnorance is Fatal Essays1069 Words   |  5 PagesIgnorance is Fatal The short story Usher II uses themes of irony and vengeance, as well as, classic literature to explore the consequence of blind censorship. Usher II is featured in The Martian Chronicles, Ray Bradburys best known work and in many ways his finest achievement (Mogen 82). 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I want to find out just how damaging media violenceRead MoreMovie Analysis : Cat Walk Across The Country 2040 Words   |  9 Pagesto the â€Å"reclaiming† of words such as queer, or â€Å"slut† that was used in the â€Å"SlutWalk† protests a couple years ago. The assumption is these changes in language have an effect on the political change, and the ends up changing the material world. We have had a discussion before on the definition of queer and summarized it as being strange, different, an umbrella term in which a person does not fit into the normative society. This term can include includes people who want to identify as queer andRead MoreEssay The Myopia of Dystopia3805 Words   |  16 Pagesutopia, humankind plunges into dystopia though mass cloning which ultimately destroys humanity. In Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451, the controllers of this world try to achieve utopia but in turn reach dystopia were knowledge is gone, due to their censorship of information. In George Orwells 1984, achieves dystopia by an inner party within government who strive for domination by controlling love and the individual mind. In Once and Future King, T.H. White creates a utopian world where the idea of equalityRead MoreConflicting Depictions of Female Characters in Mahfouz’s 1966 Novel Adrift on the Nile and Hussein Kamal’s 1971 Film Adaptation2040 Words   |  9 Pagesundoubtedly notice the stark contrast between the portrayals of women in each of these works. Critics like Ibrahim El- Sheikh and Pamela Allegretto–Diiulio have argued that by realistically depicting the social condition of Egyptian women, Mahfouz’s literature is protesting the country’s patriarchal society and challenging the notion that women are not equal to men. The novel is clearly in line with these criticisms. The women in the novel are depicted as strong, independent, intellectual and on an equalRead MoreThe Shroud: Premchand3324 Words   |  14 Pagesirritably, â€Å"If she’s going to die, why doesn’t she do it quickly? What’s the point of taking a look?† â€Å"You’re pretty harsh. You’ve had a good time with her all year, and now? Such callousness?† â€Å"Well, I can’t stand to see her suffer and throw herself about like this.† This clan of cobblers was notorious in the village. If Ghisu worked a day, he would rest for three. Madhav was such a shirker that if he worked for half an hour, he’d smoke dope for one. Which was why they were never hired. If thereRead MorePopular Culture and Violent Behavior Essay11795 Words   |  48 Pageschosen to study popular culture and its influence on violent behaviour, because, as is stated in its definition, popular culture is, accessible to everyone. These hugely accessible forms of media influence all of us, everyday, wherever we go. My keen interest in all of these forms of media immediately drew me to the subject; television, film and music are major influences not only in my life but in the lives of teenagers across Western Europe, Australasia, Developed AsiaRead MoreComparative Government6816 Words   |  28 PagesWestern Slavic Religion: Catholic (important part of national identity) Ethnical Minorities: German, Ukraine, Belorussian (small and not important) Often divided (Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary) Is called state of wheels always moving We are Poles because we are not Russian, not German religion became very important for their identification. Day 2 Post-Yugoslavia states Tito managed to unify Yugoslavia after WWII and to keep it independent from Russia. self-managed socialism (market orientation)

Proud Moment Free Essays

If I had to describe a proud moment of mine it would have to be about the summer that just recently passed. In the summer I work as a lifeguard, a serious job that isn’t always taken as serious as it should be, but when faced with danger most of the employees know what to do. Anyways, in the summer I worked as a lifeguard in the afternoons and evenings and in the morning, I would teach younger children how to swim. We will write a custom essay sample on Proud Moment or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was their instructor and they were my students. We had a lot of fun, and I absolutely loved teaching little kids how to do something that I love to do myself. It was hot summer day and a lot of the camp children from the local boys and girls club had just arrived. So all of the lifeguards on duty assumed their positions and conducted a swimming test for the camp kids to make sure they were capable of swimming in the deep end. Once the swim test was over we now let the public into the pool area. A good sized group arrived at the pool, the group consisted of a single lady and about 5-7 other kids. A few of the older ones in the group had been to the pool before so I knew what they were capable of doing in the water. But there was this one little girl that made her was to the deep side and I asked one of them older kids if she was able to swim in the deep end and they said yeah she was she can swim. So silly me, I believed them and continued on with my day surveying the rest of the pool. As I watched the kids climb out of the pool and go do jumps I noticed that the little girl was up next to jump. Remembering the conversation I had with the older kids, I turned to focus on something else, and the next thing I knew, the little girl was bobbing up and down, so I immediately kicked of my flip flops and jumped off of the guard chair and into the pool. I grabbed the little girl and pushed her to the wall. My adrenaline was so high, I didn’t even notice that someone had pulled her out of the water after I brought her to the side. This would have to be my proudest moment not only because I was just doing my job as a lifeguard but I had saved a little girls life. I am pretty proud of myself now even though it is 4 months later. Not much has changed but I am proud that I am enrolled in higher education trying to make something out of myself and make a good living. I am also proud that I am having fun along the way. There really aren’t any differences between these two proud moments other than one was a paying job and it was my duty to help people and now it is my personal duty to fulfill what I want out of life. How to cite Proud Moment, Essay examples

Professional Issues of Nursing Workload †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Professional Issues of Nursing Workload. Answer: Introduction Burnout, medical errors and adverse events innursing practice are some of the major challenges that affect nurses performance and influence their motivation and satisfaction with the nursing job. All the above mentioned issues are mainly caused by the situation of high nursing working load which acts as the main mediator of escalating injuries, poor health outcomes and deterioration in quality of care in health care setting (Koy et al. 2015). This essay provides a detailed insight into the professional issue of nursing workload and explains the negative impact of the issue on the nursing practice. With special emphasis onimpact of the nursing workload issue on individual nurse and the nursing profession, it also explains about useful strategies that can be adapted to minimize the impact of the issue on nursing practice and patient safety. Professional issues of nursing workload: High workload is a critical professional issue in nursing practice. Heavy workload for the nurses is defined by the amount of nursing time, the amount of physical exertion in shift, complexity of care and level of nursing competency (Alghamdi 2016). Increase in any of these factors contributes to high workload and high burden for nurses. In short, nursing workload can be defined as the amount of time spend by nurses in direct or indirect care of patient, workplace and professional development (Alghamdi 2016). The overload experienced by nurses can be categorized into unit level, job level, patient level and situation level. The specialty of nurses and type of practice also determines the level of workload for nurses (Consiglio et al. 2014). The changing health care environment has mainly contributed to heavy workload for nurses. With the increase in ageing population, the demand of nurses in health care system has increased. In addition, inadequate supply of nurses and reduced staffing levels had made it necessary for nurses to work overtime. The above trend in health care practice has influenced nursing workload, quality of care as well as patient safety. Work environment factors and staffing level also determines nurses satisfaction with their job and commitment towards delivering high quality care (Carayon and Gurses 2008). However, many nurses have reported their due to high workload, they have lost motivation in work as it has contributed to high number of errors and patients safety related issues. The complex work environment and the demand to work outside shift have increased the mental workload of nurses too (Caruso 2014). As high nursing workload can have an impact on nurses productivity, satisfaction level, tu rnover rate, work stress and patient safety, it is necessary to find strategies to reduce the workload burden of nurse in care. Significance of the professional issue to nursing: The issue of nursing workload is of significant professional importance for nursing practice because it has direct impact both on the nurses individually as well as the nursing profession. High workload contributes to poor nursing performance, poor satisfaction with the job, burnout issues and high rate of nursing errors. The evidence by Hayes, Douglas and Bonner (2015) has shown that the performance of the nurse is highly affected by the work environment, stress level, work characteristics and job satisfaction. The study also pointed out that even when the work environment is favorable, then also nurses experience high level of burnout. This is mainly because of the complexity of the job and greater level of stress involved in delivering care. The nursing workload is also defined by nurses competency in the job and research has showed that younger nurse experience higher level of stress compared to experienced nurses. The lowest level of job satisfaction and highest level of burnout is mainly found in newly placed nurse as they are not accustomed to handling the complexities of the job (Flinkma and Salanter 2015). As nurses are the one who spend the maximum time in the care of patient, it is very important to respond to the workload issue for nurses. Implementing strategies in the direction of addressing workload and high level of burnout in nurses is likely to increase job satisfaction level and turnover rate of nurses. Association has also been found between nursing workload and the nursing profession. This can be said because the stress level or workload of nurses is also increased by decreased staffing ratio and increase in worse outcome for patients. Link has been found between nurse-staffs ratios and patient outcome. For example, the investigation about staffing level and mortality in patients has revealed that high workload/staffing ratios is associated with increased risk of death in critically ill patients (Shekelle 2013). Hence, the evidence mainly implies that maintaining the nurse staffing level is crucial to manage workload as well as improve patient outcome. Both competency to manage complex situation and promoting positive outcome of patient is an indication of quality nursing practice, however high workload has impact on these areas of the nursing profession. The nursing burnout is highly linked to nurse practice environment and nurse working characteristics. Van Bogaert et al. (2014) has shown that variation in perceived nurse practice work environment and burnout feelings results in adverse patient events and high rate of complains, medication errors and nosocomial infection. The nursing unit team particularly plays a role in quality of care and patient safety and treating sensitive issues of patients. However, there is plenty of evidence to prove the association between poor quality of care and feelings of burnout. For instance, Poghosyan et al. (2010) confirmed that dimension of practice environment determines practice outcome, quality of care variables and patient satisfaction with care. Nursing burnout is a direct consequence of high workload and nursing burning directly influences the quality of care. The explorative study regarding the relationship between the quality of care and nurse burnout among nurses in six countries has rev ealed that nurses experiencing burnout have lesser capability to deliver high quality care and increase in errors results in emotional distress and disengagement in nurses. Complex practice environment and longer shift time predispose nurses to burnout. This implies that nurse burnout and nursing shortage is a challenging issue in nursing practice as this mainly determines the patient safety level and quality of care. To improve the nurse related quality of care, addressing the nurse-patient ratio and work environment of nurse will be necessary (Humphries et al. 2017). Impact of the professional issue on patient safety: As the issue of nursing workload and nursing practice has direct impact on the engagement of nurse and motivation in nursing practice, it will directly affect patient safety too. The main goal of nursing practice is achieve optimal health outcome for patient and maintain patent safety. Patient safety is defined by the reduction in the risk of adverse events for patient starting from diagnosis to treatment in health care setting. To achieve the culture of patient safety, special emphasis is paid on preventing errors, learning from errors and complying with safety protocols throughout the health care delivery process (Weaver et al., 2013). The main role of nurse in patient safety is related to avoiding medication errors and preventing fall in patients. However, the opposite outcome has often been witnessed due to high workload and burnout experience in nurses. The study by MacPhee et al. (2017) gives an insight into the impact of heavy nursing workload on patient outcomes. The cross-sectional study with acute care nurses mainly investigated about the workload factors of staffing level, nurses perception of heavy workload, interruptions in work flow and compromise care standard. The patient outcomes that were evaluated included frequency of medication errors, patient falls and urinary tract infections. The study result gave the indication that heavy workload and task interruptions had a direct impact on patient and nurse outcomes. High patient-RN rations were weakly associated with adverse patient outcomes and heavy workload was independent predictor of adverse patient outcomes. This proves that different levels of nurs ing workload and workload demands have differential effects on patient and patient related outcomes. The chances of patient adverse events increase when the number of patients allocated to single nurse is high. In the situation of insufficient nursing workforce and high workload, the likelihood of medication errors, patients falls, nosocomial infections, death, cardiopulmonary resuscitation failures and pressure sores increases (Cho et al. 2016). The study regarding nurse perception of workload and adverse events showed that nosocomial infection (57.1%) was most frequently experienced by patients followed by pressure sores (45.2%) and medication errors (40%). The nursing workload variable of performance of non-nursing task was mainly associated with high rate of falls and nosocomial infections in patients. Bed to nurse ratio had an impact on incidence of pressure sores in patients (Kan et al. 2016). Parry et al. (2015) also gave the insight that environmental domain of clinical workload and work environment and personal domain of Registered Nurses characteristics and lived experienc e of work had an impact on medication administrative behavior of nurses. Environmental domain was found to increase medication rates in nurses. There is a need to establish the link between the environment and nurses behavior to prevent adverse events and promote patient safety. Strategies to minimize the impact of chosen professional issues on nursing practice and patient safety: As patient related adverse events such as falls and medication is directly caused by high nursing workload, there is a need to identify the strategies that can minimize the impact of the nursing workload on patient safety. Two effective strategies include the following: The first strategy is to enhance the positive practice environment in clinical setting to retain skilful nurse and improve the quality of care. This can be done by addressing the staffing levels and resource adequacy in nursing practice. The workload and work demands needs to be balanced to ensure that appropriate number of nursing staffs are there to handle patients in particular units. This will ensure that nurses work according to role expectation and deliver care in an effective manner without causing any injury or adverse events for patients. As low nurse-patient ration and high work demand often results in burnout in nurses, there is also a need to maintain adequate staffing levels so that all leave requirement for nurses can be fulfilled and they can get breaks or rest in between shift (Twigg and McCullough 2014). This is vital for improving the retention rate as well as improving the patient safety. Medication error is one of the common patient related adverse outcome that is observed in clinical setting due to poor staffing level and high nursing workload. Several distractions and interruptions during the medication administration mainly results in medication errors and poor outcome for patients. The frequency of such errors can be significantly reduced by the creation of safe environment during medication preparation and administration. One of the effective strategies is to put Do not disturb labels during drug administration to minimize disruptions and ensure full concentration of nurses during the procedures. There is also a need to support nurses in the implementation of five rights of medication administration to promote safety of patient (Kim and Bates 2013). Westbrook et al. (2017) proved the effectiveness of Do not interrupt intervention on reducing interruptions during medication administration. It led to the declined in the non-medication related interruptions faced b y nurses and promoted safety of patients. In addition, supportive environment to ensure compliance of nurses to five right of medication administration can reduce the error rates. Conclusion The essay summarized the professional issues of nursing workload on quality of nursing care and patient safety. The review of the impact of the professional issue on nursing practice gives the idea that high workload and poor nursing performance occurs due to low patient-staff ration, high work demand and lack of appropriate work environment to provide care. The strategy of maintain staffing levels and reinforcing the right to safe medication administration is crucial to minimize adverse events in nursing practice and reduce incidence of burnout in nurses. References Alghamdi, M.G., 2016. Nursing workload: a concept analysis.Journal of nursing management,24(4), pp.449-457. Caruso, C.C., 2014. Negative impacts of shiftwork and long work hours.Rehabilitation Nursing,39(1), pp.16-25. Cho, E., Chin, D. L., Kim, S., and Hong, O. 2016. The relationships of nurse staffing level and work environment with patient adverse events.Journal of Nursing Scholarship,48(1), 74-82. Consiglio, C., Borgogni, L., Vecchione, M., and Maslach, C. 2014. Self-efficacy, perceptions of context, and burnout: a multilevel study on nurses.La Medicina del lavoro,105(4), 255-268. Flinkman, M. and Salanter, S., 2015. Early career experiences and perceptionsa qualitative exploration of the turnover of young registered nurses and intention to leave the nursing profession in Finland.Journal of nursing management,23(8), pp.1050-1057. Hayes, B., Douglas, C. and Bonner, A., 2015. Work environment, job satisfaction, stress and burnout among haemodialysis nurses.Journal of nursing management,23(5), pp.588-598. Humphries, N., Morgan, K., Catherine Conry, M., McGowan, Y., Montgomery, A. and McGee, H., 2014. Quality of care and health professional burnout: narrative literature review.International journal of health care quality assurance,27(4), pp.293-307. Kang, J.H., Kim, C.W. and Lee, S.Y., 2016. Nurse-Perceived Patient Adverse Events depend on Nursing Workload.Osong public health and research perspectives,7(1), pp.56-62. Kim, J., and Bates, D. W. 2013. Medication administration errors by nurses: adherence to guidelines.Journal of Clinical Nursing,22(3-4), 590-598. Koy, V., Yunibhand, J., Angsuroch, Y. and Fisher, M.L., 2017. Relationship between nursing care quality, nurse staffing, nurse job satisfaction, nurse practice environment, and burnout: literature review.International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences,3(8), pp.1825-1831. MacPhee, M., Dahinten, V.S. and Havaei, F., 2017. The impact of heavy perceived nurse workloads on patient and nurse outcomes.Administrative Sciences,7(1), p.7. Parry, A.M., Barriball, K.L. and While, A.E., 2015. Factors contributing to Registered Nurse medication administration error: A narrative review.International journal of nursing studies,52(1), pp.403-420. Poghosyan, L., Clarke, S. P., Finlayson, M., and Aiken, L. H. 2010. Nurse burnout and quality of care: Cross?national investigation in six countries.Research in nursing health,33(4), 288-298. Shekelle, P.G., 2013. NursePatient Ratios as a Patient Safety StrategyA Systematic Review.Annals of Internal Medicine,158(5_Part_2), pp.404-409. Twigg, D. and McCullough, K., 2014. Nurse retention: a review of strategies to create and enhance positive practice environments in clinical settings.International journal of nursing studies,51(1), pp.85-92. Van Bogaert, P., Timmermans, O., Weeks, S. M., van Heusden, D., Wouters, K., and Franck, E. 2014. Nursing unit teams matter: Impact of unit-level nurse practice environment, nurse work characteristics, and burnout on nurse reported job outcomes, and quality of care, and patient adverse eventsA cross-sectional survey.International journal of nursing studies,51(8), 1123-1134. Weaver, S. J., Lubomksi, L. H., Wilson, R. F., Pfoh, E. R., Martinez, K. A., and Dy, S. M. 2013. Promoting a Culture of Safety as a Patient Safety StrategyA Systematic Review.Annals of internal medicine,158(5_Part_2), 369-374. Westbrook, J.I., Li, L., Hooper, T.D., Raban, M.Z., Middleton, S. and Lehnbom, E.C., 2017. Effectiveness of a Do not interruptbundled intervention to reduce interruptions during medication administration: a cluster randomised controlled feasibility study.BMJ Qual Saf, Published Online First:23 February 2017.doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2016-006123

Abortion Risk of Medical Complications for the Mother Essay Sample free essay sample

If there is one thing that everyone can hold on. it would hold to be that no affair where you are in the universe. there is ever traveling to be disagreement. Today’s society is made up of such an abundant figure of controversial issues. One of the most controversial issues being abortion- the act of intentionally expiration a gestation ensuing in the decease of the foetus ( Kreider. A. personal communicating. March 24. 2011 ) . Abortion is both constitutionally and morally incorrect. and should be illegal in the United States in all but two instances: if the female parent was raped ( and gestation was as a consequence of the colza ) or if the mother’s life would be put in hazard by the gestation. Abortion is slaying at any phase of gestation. and acts against the U. S. Constitution. Not merely does abortion injury inexperienced person babes. but abortion besides rises the hazard of medical complications for the female parent. We will write a custom essay sample on Abortion: Risk of Medical Complications for the Mother Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Majority of adult females who choose to abort repent the determination subsequently in life. There is ever a manner to forestall gestation. and if by some opportunity gestation does happen and the babe is non wanted there are other options besides abortion. â€Å"When a liquidator kills a adult female who is with kid ; the liquidator is charged with two counts of capital slaying. Why is this? † ( Huffman. 2010 ) . The ground is because a foetus is a individual whether he or she is born or unborn. Life Begins at construct. since life is defined as the ability to turn ; and growing is happening in the female parents womb. Did you know that the most growing in a person’s full life occurs before birth? Abortion is slaying at any phase of gestation because it is stoping the life of a human being. Harmonizing to Heritage House ( 2009 ) . at the really minute that the sperm penetrates the mother’s egg. a alone person with all his/hers characteristics is formed. Abortion is legal up to 24 hebdomads into a gestation and sometimes more. Yet a simply 21 yearss in the mother’s womb the foetus has blood vass. sex variety meats and a bosom round. Majority of adult females don’t even know that they are pregnant at th is phase. but their babe already has a bosom round and the ability to reproduce. It is immoral and unfairnesss to strip an unborn. but however life. kid from a valuable characteristic ( Mappes A ; ump ; Zembaty. 2007 ) . At 7 hebdomads of development the person has all its facial parts. weaponries. legs. tegument. castanetss. variety meats and musculuss ( Papalia. Wendkos A ; ump ; Feldman. 2009 ) . The foetus has merely about all the same features that make person a individual. the lone difference is that the foetus can’t survive outside the female parents womb. So why is it that if one. for illustration. kills the individual following to you. one is convicted of slaying. But one is non convicted of slaying if one ends the life of a foetus with the same traits? Murder is the act of killing a individual. Abortion is the act of killing a individual. Therefore. abortion is slaying. So why should a female parent who does non desire a kid she conceived be allowed to hold an abortion and non be charged with slaying? Abortion abolishes an guiltless human life and is unconstitutional. As a civilised society. how can one allow a sacred human life to be taken manner without pick. The United States has allowed for such an unethical thing to happen for old ages. by doing abortion legal. But abortion is against the U. S. Constitution and should be banned. You may inquire why is abort ion against the fundamental law? Well abortion is against the fundamental law because if opposes Amendment Fourteen: Sections 1 that states No province shall do or implement any jurisprudence which shall foreshorten the privileges of unsusceptibilities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any province deprive any individual of life. autonomy. or property†¦ . ; nor deny to any individual the equal protection of the Torahs ( Constitutional Index ) . Abortion violates this amendment foremost away. by striping the foetus of life. As we discussed earlier. abortion is the violent death of a foetus. Neither does abortion supply the developing foetus with autonomy as the kid has no pick. unlike the female parent who already had the pick to hold sexual intercourse. Not to advert the obvious fact that abortion does non supply equal protection. Since it treats the foetus simply as cells. non as a individual. Necessitate at that place be more cogent evidence that abortion is unconstitutional and should be outlawed. Have you of all time stopped to believe that abortion non merely takes away the guiltless life of a babe. but besides puts the mother’s life in danger? Woman who have had abortions greatly increase their hazard of medical complications. After the female parent has had an abortion she is 8-20 times more likely to hold an ectopic gestation ( Monahan. 2006 ) . An ectopic gestation is when a gestation is formed outside the w omb. bulk of the clip in the fallopian tubing. This can do a rupture of the fallopian tubing to happen as the babe begins to turn. and if non discovered in clip can do the female parent to shed blood to decease. Further complications can look due to abortion like: bowel hurt. placenta previa. perforation of the womb. and infection. It is nor just for aborticide ( abortion ) to be legal because it creates infinite medical complications for the female parent that can potentially take to decease. A survey has shown that adult females who receive abortions have a 30 % increased hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease ( complications of. 2003 ) . In add-on. if a adult female who underwent abortion would wish to hold a kid later in life. she would hold a twofold opportunity of holding a abortion. The female parent would besides hold jobs with shed blooding throughout the gestation. the opportunity of holding a low weight birth babe addition. and she would hold troubles during bringing. We all know what happens to the babe after an abortion. but all the antecedently stated medical complications can go on to the adult female acquiring the abortion. A study conducted by The Post Abortion Review ( n. d. ) concluded that 94 % of adult females regret the determination to abort. Sing that bush leagues are frequently the 1s who choose to hold abortions and are incognizant of the badness of it. and subsequently repent the pick. Abortion should be illegal to protect adult females for the ground that at times adult females lack adequate life experience to cognize what is morally right and incorrect. After an abortion it is common to happen female parents with post-abortion syndrome. Post-abortion syndrome is when adult females suffer from mental and psychological jobs ( Graeser. 1998 ) . A few mental and psychological issues impacting adult females after an abortion are hurting and emphasis from repeating memories. dreams about the experience and more. Abortion causes unfortunate insomnia ( inability to kip ) due to guilt of the determination to kill a naive babe. Another job with abortion is that adult females normally have a dream or desire to organize a long lasting relationship. but after an abortion those dreams may be shattered. It has been proven that female parents who terminate a gestation tend to avoid holding any signifier of emotional fond regard ( Monahan. 2006 ) . With the involuntariness to hold emotional fond regard because they are sorrowing the abortion. their future relationships are affected. Furthermore. â€Å"50 % of adult females experience one or more of the undermentioned feelings after they had abortions: depression. guilt. sorrow. jitteriness. insomnia. † ( Complications of. 2003 ) . These feelings of depression and guilt are highly intense and lave the adult females with no other options-as they believe- but to mistreat intoxicant and drugs. One can state that abortion is similar to a slippery incline because it will take to remorse. which can take to alcohol and drugs. which can take to suicide. Abortion is iniquitous and should be illegal because it can regulate the female parent to hold suicidal ideas or actions. By taking to non hold an abortion. there is less mental torment for the female parent ( Ross. n. d. ) She would non hold to inquire and inquire herself. what would he/she hold been like? Despite the face. that if we accept the foetus to be a individual with the right to populate. there are a few rare instances when abortion is justifiable. Two fortunes for which abortion is admissible are: if the female parent was colzas ( and gestation was as a consequence of colza ) or if the mother’s ain life is in true hazard. But if a female parent is traveling to plead for abortion because she was raped. there must be some cogent evidence of colza. Because it is necessary to guarantee that non everyone attempts t o claim they were raped. Some signifiers of cogent evidence would be a police study. a physical scrutiny. and/or psychological test. Rape victims experience deep confusing feelings which can consequence their full life ( Abortion should. 2008. Jan 25 ) . These assorted feelings of guilt. choler. injury. fright. incredulity. and depression can be so intense to the point where the adult female is overwhelmed. So hence. it is non morally correct to coerce a adult female to maintain a colza babe that will invariably do her to live over the atrocious event. Would you truly want a kid be brought into this universe hated and despised because of the hasting reminder of the event? Not to state that all colza babes are non loved. why many are genuinely loved. But here of class it is the female parents pick. because she did non consent to sex. But even with the allowance of abortion if the female parent was raped. the Numberss for abortion will be infinitesimal. As abortion because of colza histories for simply 1 % of all abortions ( Melton. 1996 ) . When go oning with a gestation would set the mother’s life at hazard of medical complications that will do decease. it is absolutely ethical to hold an abortion. The ground being that the U. S. Constitution states that â€Å" a individual has the right to support themselves when they are in danger†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Abortion in self- . n. d. ) . Even though it is a state of affairs to glower upon because an guiltless individual is being killed. the adult female has the clear right to protect her ain ego. Abortion is non intended when the female parents life is being harmed. but it is a necessary determination. Besides if the mother’s life is threatened by the gestation. so the foetus itself will non last ( Rousseau. 1991 ) . All can hold â€Å"†¦ [ that ] it is better to salvage one life than to lose two†¦Ã¢â‚¬  For both grounds. colza and to salvage the mother’s life. abortion is justifiable. â€Å"But in other instances. where the female parent [ was non raped or ] life were non threatened. [ abortion is non justifiable ] for her ain convenience [ or ] comfort. † ( Wagner. 2005 ) . Abortion should non be legal merely because people who had sexual intercourse erroneously got pregnant. Pregnancy is 100 % preventable by the usage of preventives. therefore abortion should non be necessary ( exc ept for the instance of colza or to protect mother’s life ) . The Center for Disease Control and Prevention ( 2011. Jan. 1 ) . provinces that the two most common birth bar signifiers are rubbers and unwritten preventive pills. There are both male and female rubbers which keep the sperm from come ining the woman’s organic structure. Condoms are 79-98 % effectual at forestalling gestation. doing the opportunity of an unplanned gestation and the privation ( non necessitate ) for an abortion little. Besides unwritten preventives. normally called â€Å"the pill† . is 92-99 % effectual at forestalling gestation. doing a woman’s opportunity slim to none. Other signifiers of birth control are spots. nuvaring. injections. nidation of a rod. and mirena. With the big figure of preventives available abortion should be illegal because there is no demand for its usage. Abortion should non be used as a contraceptive method. if the female parent does non desire the kid because it’s non the right clip or for any other ground. there are other options. Abortion merely seems as a fast clean brake for a error made by adult females. Adoption is ever another option. There are 1000000s of households who wish to follow kids because they are sterile ( and other ground ) and can’t have any of their ain. Adoption bureaus make the cost to the birth female parent perfectly nil. With all medical disbursals and sometimes living disbursals covered. The ground being â€Å"she is giving the greatest gift she will of all time give-life- non merely to her babe. but to a household who wants nil more than a babe to love and auto for. forever. † ( Deciding between ) . And with the manner acceptance has changed it makes it even easier for a adult female to take acceptance over abortion. Now female parents can make up ones mind whether they would wish to keep communicating with their babe and the adoptive household. or non. If the female parent does take to hold an unfastened acceptance ( communicating with babe and adoptive household ) she will be able to have letters. images. phone calls and even visits from clip to clip. Alternatively of taking away an guiltless child’s life by holding an abortion. make a greater sum of good by supplying felicity to another household and your kid with acceptance. Abortion is a cosmopolitan subject that has been debated over centuries. with all sides holding really strong feelings and beliefs. Advocates of abortion base their statements entirely on civil rights. They believe that if a adult female doesn’t have the pick to command what affects her organic structure and potentially life. so all her human rights are stripped off ( Lowen ) . But with abortion women’s rights are to the full respected because did she non already have the pick to forestall gestation? Whether the female parent choose to acquire pregnant of non. she did take to non utilize an effectual method of protection. For if the female parent knew she was non ready for a kid and wanted to hold sexual intercourse. she should hold doubled protected herself by utilizing both rubbers AND birth control. Women’s humans rights are non being lost. she should take duty for her ain action. Why should a kid suffer for the mother’s misidentify? The adult females were to the full cognizant of the possible effects of their actions. but took the hazard anyways. If one believes that abortion should be legal because it’s the female parents pick. so one can besides believe this: â€Å"if your girl comes and says â€Å"Dad. I want to kill grandmother for the inheritance† you would hold to state â€Å"well. this is non a good thought. but it’s your pick. †Ã¢â‚¬  ( Ross. 2010 ) . Does that sound morally right to you? Abortion is non a acquire away with it free card for someone’s error and should be illegal. Pro-choice people besides argue that acceptance is non an option to abortion because less than 5 % of adult females who give birth choose to give the babe up for acceptance ( Lowen ) . Well. Lashkar-e-Taibas sit and ponder about this for a few seconds. Done thought? This is where it come to demo that pro-choice statements are an illu stration of bad logical thinking. Possibly statistics itself is demoing that abortion is non the right thing to make because one time that adult female holds that cherished kid in her weaponries. she forms an unbreakable bond and realizes that maintaining the kid is best. and abortion was non. Advocates of abortion conclude that â€Å"abortion should be legal merely because it would go on being practiced even if it were illegal once more. † ( Ross. K ) . But as Kelley Ross states this allows for slaying or colza to hold an statement for being legal. Which we can all hold is non a consistent determination. One human being should non hold the right to take away the life of another. whether. born or unborn. A foetus is a individual from the exact minute of construct. â€Å"All the familial characteristics of this new individual are already set-whether it’s a male child or miss ; the colour of the eyes. the colour of the hair. the pregnant chads of the cheeks and the cleft of the mentum. † ( Clark. 2009 ) . Standing in the United States entirely there are about 3. 700 abortions per twenty-four hours. Abortion has enormous sum of ground why it should be illegal. Get downing with the fact that its slaying and puts the mother’s life at hazard of decease. due to many medical complications. By infanticide being legal Amendment Fourteen of the fundamental law is violated. As the baby’s life is non given equal protec tion or pick. Contraceptives are at the fingertips of adult females to avoid gestation. But if for some ground the adult female still gets pregnant. acceptance is another option. Leading to the point. that abortion should be illegal because striping an guiltless foetus of life is ethically incorrect. And without abortion mother’s would non hold to inquire â€Å"what could hold been† .

Harmony essay Essays

Harmony essay Essays Harmony essay Essay Harmony essay Essay Thank you for your request of 30 copies of our Transpose It software. We would like to give you one physical copy and a site license. We consider it a great honor and tribute to our company that you would chose us for your class. If you have any question we have rah customer service if you would like to speak with me, do not hesitate to call. Thank you again for your business. Educational Manger TO: Joyce Chapman, Director of Education FROM: Joana Meson, President DATE: SUBJECT: NEW POLICY New policy has been approved, for tuition refunds for teachers. Any teachers taking advanced courses in music theory, composition and conducting. Harmony music is committed to supporting every teacher who wishes to improve their craft. Inform and hand out individual copies of the guidelines to other teachers. The following requirements must be met to get a refund: 1 . The course must be approved by Joel Rosen 2. Must get a grade of B or higher 3. Application received by August 1 for fall courses and January 15 for spring courses You can Of course contact me if you need further information March 7, 201 5 Ms. Kate Manikin 54 East 35th street New York, NY 10028 Dear Ms. Manikin Having reviewed more then 50 applications for our field representative position, you are our top choice, this exciting opportunity for you, to join our excellent sales team. We are ready to invite you to our home office here in Dayton, to discussions this position. However we must first verify that you have completed the course in computer/digital music software applications; that you began at SUNY Purchase last September. Unless you provide a current transcript, we can not proceed further. Thanking you in advance. :

Problems and solutions for alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Problems and solutions for alcohol - Essay Example According to (â€Å"Solving alcohol problems†), the problem of alcohol is that as many as 17 million adults in US are seriously caught in the habit of drinking. Of these alcohol addicts, those who get help are no more than 3 million in number. Every year, hundreds of thousands of Americans are killed, injured, or weakened as a result of drinking. Alcohol consumption has been the root cause of distortion of a lot of families in the past and has also been one of the driving forces of violence in the society. There are four fundamental stages of solving the problems of alcohol. First, there is a need to create awareness among the public so that they know the difference between risk and safe alcohol consumption. Secondly, there should be screening for alcohol related issues. After that, people should be provided with cover treatment by way of health insurance. Finally, there should be good arrangement of support treatment and health recovery for the affected

Pre-1500 And Post 1500 History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pre-1500 And Post 1500 History - Essay Example History is paramount in learning about our obligation and responsibilities as global citizens. The people who lived in the pre-1500 possess the same humanness we have today and thus their hopes, egos, as well as dreams we still have them today. Therefore, through the study of those who lived before us enable us gain understanding and know their mistakes and how to rectify them for our own good? It is because people remain the same, although technology may change. The memory of the past is the key to our identity. For example, in 1492, Columbus led the invasion of America where he found a new land (Tignor, 2011). This history gives us an account of how America was founded and makes the citizens develop a sense of identity. This is a historical event that has significance in our today global citizenship. The knowledge acquired helps us establish a clear understanding of the American history and the changes that has been realized in today’s America. Moreover, the global history h as enabled us gain knowledge that help in shaping the present. Migration Migration is another aspect of understanding global citizenship reflecting on migration that took place before 1500 especially in Europe. For example, the knowledge of the Europe invasion starting 800 BC to 400 BC is useful in our modern world as global citizens.

What are the differences between Price and non price competition

What are the differences between Price and non price competition To increase the profits or revenue of any firm we choose price competition or non price competition. price competition is a competitive situation in which price is major means of differentiating the products A product or service can be competing in the market by many ways. In price competition ,two products which are similar compared by the customer on their respective pricing, the customer mainly purchase the product on the basis of which is cheaper, they are other ways of competition but price comparison will effect. Price competition is one of the marketing strategy which used by firms to increase profits and revenue of the firms. To compete efficiently firm must be match the price or it need to be beat the price. Firm must be lowest cost producer and it need to change price frequently ,in price competition even your competitor respond to your price your firm need to respond as quickly as possible when the competitor change the price . Customer will switch to brand which is low priced brand Non price competition: Non price competition is a competition among different firms that they distinguish their products example: product features, style, delivery, promotions, advertising, selling staff etc.non pricing competition is mainly used by firms to distinguish their products, any firm can use non-price competition it is common for monopolistically competitive firms because firms which operates in monopolistically competitive market are price takers. Non price competition is a marketing strategy to increase profits and firm revenue. Every firm try to distinguish their products by its quality or promotions or product features any other sustainable competitive advantage other than price, Can build customer loyalty towards the brand. The firm must promote the distinguishing features to create customer awareness. MONOPOLISTIC MARKET The market structure of monopolistic competition is situated between those of perfect competition and monopoly 1)in monopolistic competition profits can be maximized when marginal revenue equals to marginal cost MR=MC. 2)there are many buyers and many sellers 3)the products being sold are differentiated or heterogeneous in character 4)there is free entry or exit of firms 5)the goal of the firm is to maximize the profits both in short run and long run short run comes under price competition and long run comes under non-price competition 6) product differentiation is high 7)completion on quality, price, marketing OLIGOPOLISTIC MARKET Oligopoly market is an imperfectly competitive market structure in which few large firms dominates the market .oligopolistic market is non price competition because product different ion exists in it, firms have reason to compete on the basis of other factors besides the price Characteristics of oligopoly market 1)few sellers 2)either a homogeneous or a differentiated product 3)different market entry 4)oligopolistic competition are price maker 5)in this few large firms one firm action influence others the four market perfect competition,monopoly,monopolistic competition, oligopoly in which firms in perfect competition are price-taker ,whereas firms in other three markets are price makers ELASTICITY The elasticity of demand is the measure of response of demand for a product to change in any of its determinants example price of the product, price of substitutes, price of complements, consumers income and consumers expectations regarding prices. If the price of the compulsory goods can be increased and the consumer can choose the complementary goods then it is called elastic and the consumer cannot choose the complementary goods ,they are compulsory goods then it called inelastic There are different types of elasticity of demand 1)price elasticity 2)cross elasticity 3)income elasticity Price elasticity of demand: the price elasticity of demand is demand for the product or firm to change in its price ,elasticity of demand is the percentage change in the quantity demand of a firm or product as a result of certain percentage change in its price Ep=percentage change in quantity of demand /percentage change in firm= %à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Q/%à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  p Price Elasticity if it is more than 1 Elastic Demand when price changes quantity of demand for product is also increased When if it is less than 1 Inelastic Demand when price decreases quantity of demand for the product is little increased when compared to previous revenue Unitary Elastic when price decreases quantity of demand for the products is equal as previous revenue. Price elasticity for individual goods If the goods are luxuries elasticity will be higher, when substitutes are available consumer have choice and time to choose. When ED>1 point is above mid-point, demand is elastic. When ED=1 point is at Midpoint, demand is unit-elastic When ED When elasticity of demand is price inelastic, whenever price decrease reduces total revenue. When elasticity of demand is price elastic, whenever price decrease increases total revenue. In unit elastic demand, whenever price decrease there is no change in the total revenue Arc and point elasticity : when price elasticity of demand is measured between any two finite points on a demand curve it is called arc elasticity and elasticity measured at a point on the demand curve is called point elasticity Cross Elasticity of demand: cross elasticity defines A change in the quantity of demanded for one product is created by a price change in a related product i.e substitute good and complimentary good represents cross elasticity of demand. If two goods are substitutes for each other cross elasticity is high and if the two goods are totally different and unrelated , cross elasticity between them is zero. When cross elasticity is positive between two goods then they are called substitutes .when cross elasticity is negative between two goods they are not complementary as this is found price change is very strong when income effects. Income Elasticity of Demand: A small change in consumer income will lead to change in quantity of demand for the product. As consumer income increases and income spend on the product is same as before elasticity for the product is one. If the proportion spent on the product increases as income increases then the income elasticity for the product is greater then one If the proportion spent on the product decreases as income increases then income elasticity for the product is less than one Factors affecting elasticity demand 1) The fraction of income spend on the good 2) How narrowly defined the good is 3) How easy is to find out about substitutes 4) How much is available to adjust to price changes 5) nature of commodity 6)differed consumption 7) time factor 8) price level 9) joint demand SHAMPOO USAGE I visited a local super market and focused on shampoos section where I found wide range of shampoos of different brands. There are few companies which produce many varieties of shampoos and conditioners which will be available at any store at a reasonable rate. In my paper I specified on the following company brands which are listed below 1) Hindustan unilever limited > Dove > Clear > Clinic plus > Sunsilk 2) Procter and gamble > Head shoulder > Pantene > Rejoice 3) Cavinkare > Meera >chick >nyle 4) loreal >Garnier fructis 5) ITC >  vivel ultra pro HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED Hindustan unilever limited which was established in 1933, the first shampoo which they launched was clinic plus which had a great demand compared to the other company products at that time (19s). The main reason was they were successful in satisfying the customer, which made there brands so popular. CLINIC PLUS Clinic plus launched 3 different varieties of shampoos 1) Clinic plus strong and long health shampoo 2) Clinic plus strong and natural shampoo 3) Clinic plus long and strong anti dandruff Another shampoo brand from Hindustan unilever limited is Sunsilk, a global brand which was launched in 1964. SUNSILK Sunsilk was launched in 6 different varieties Sunsilk Thick long shampoo conditioner Sunsilk soft and smooth shampoo conditioner Sunsilk hairfall solution shampoo conditioner. Sunsilk damage repair shampoo conditioner Blackshine shampoo. Anti-dandruff shampoo. ALL CLEAR Clinic all clear is another brand from Hindustan unilever limited, it is the first brand which targeted men specially. Formulated anti dandruff shampoo it was launched in 1980 in india and 14 other countries world wide later it was renamed as CLEAR. Clear is available in 5 varients Active Care Ice Cool. Hair fall Defense Soft Gloss. Radiant Black DOVE Dove is the leading brand from Hindustan unilever limited globally dove was launched over 80 countries world wide and it is also called fastest growing hair category brand in India , dove attracts wide range of female customers Dove has a wide range of hair care products that repair accumulated damage and protect and care for the hair .The new Zero Damage System repairs and protects hair from damage. There are variety of shampoo from dove and conditioner Dry therapy Breakage therapy From the HUL company there is a cheaper product like clinic plus and sunsilk which helps rural people and costly product like dove for urban people.From both urban rural areas HUL is covering both urban and rural areas To increase the sales HUL released shampoos in various sizes for various brands For clinic plus, sunsilk the prices are similar 7.5 ml sachet-3 rs 100 bottle 67 rs 200 ml bottle- 120rs For dove the prizes of respective samples is 7.5ml sachet 3 rs 100ml bottle 130 rs 200 ml bottle 215 rs In the local store 35% of the place is occupied by hul products HUL occupies market share over 50% PROCTER AND GAMBLE Procter and gamble launched head shoulder and it is worlds no one anti dandruff shampoo, which reduces not only dandruff but also eliminates p.o value. HEAD SHOULDERS Head Shoulders released 6 different varieties of products: Head Shoulders Smooth Silky. Head Shoulders Refreshing Menthol Head Shoulders Clean and Balanced Head Shoulders Silky Black Head Shoulders Naturally Clean Head Shoulders Nourishing Aloe Vera PANTENE Pantene is the product of Procter and gamble, which was launched keeping women as there prime focus. Pantene is the shampoo that conducts survey on ladies hair loss. Rejoice is the another brand from Procter and gamble who launched Asias No. 1 shampoo Micro-Silicone conditioning technology gives twice as smooth, and easy to comb hair versus ordinary shampoos.as it use natural ingredients like henna, amla, reetha and shikakai. PG released its products in 3 different varities : Rich: Silky Clean Complete Products from the Procter and gamble is highly costly product which covers only urban areas In the rural areas only 7.5 ml sachets will be sold out 40 % of company profits is from sachets only Prices of pg is as follows 7.5 ml sachet-3 rs 100ml bottle-110rs 200 ml bottle -210rs In local stores place occupied by the PG is 25% PG occupies market share over 16 % CAVINKARE Cavincake was established in 1983 it launches 3 different varieties of shampoos Meera it is pure herbal shampoo with badam enriches and many herbals Chick is the first shampoo launched by the cavinkare at the time of clinic plus it is compitetor for clinicplus chick is one of the most used bu rural peoples Nyle- nyle shampoo is newly launched by cavincare it is in 4 different varients Amla, Tulsi, Aloevera and Green tea Calvinkare products release their products in following szes 7.5ml sachet-3 rs 50ml bottle- 35 rs 100 ml bottle -60rs 200ml bottle 110 rs In local stores place occupied by the PG is 15% Calvinkare occupied market share over 19% LOREAL Garnier was launched in 1991 Garnier was launched with ultra Duox range of shampoos in the year 1991. Garnier is not an Indian brand but it has crafted a special place in todays Indian market. Garniner has reached peaks because of its innovations and by launching new products which attracts the consumers. Presently garnier has targeted the middle and upper class by reducing its price and launching huge range of there collection. It has two sub brands they are >Garnier fructis and >Garnier ultra soux Garnier fructis was launched with different varieties like Garnier fructis daily care shampoo Garnier fructis triple nutrition fortifying shampoo Garnier fructis anti-dandruff shampoo Garnier fructis sleek shine shampoo. The credit of launching a color shield shampoo and Shampoo + Oil 2 in 1 shampoo goes to Garnier. It is the first company to launch a shampoo which contains essence of oil and shampoo together in a same pack. Coming to the garnier shield shampoo it was launched in order to nourish and strengthen the colored hair. Garnier could sustain its level in Indian market by introducing variety of products into the market and by there advertising style. Its innovative ideas and new releases are making its products popular. On a survey it was noted that the number of consumers using Garnier has drastically increased as they make there products from natural fruit oils which are harmless. Garnier has reached to the core of the market as it is able to satisfy its consumers and meet there requirements. Garnier products released their products in th following sizes 7.5ml sachet-3 rs 100 ml bottle -115 200 ml bottle- 220 In local super market space allocation for the loreal products are 15 % Loreal products occupy market share over 10 % ITC Itc launches vivel ultra pro in 2009 with 3 years extensive research it as unique actipro -z omplex which will solve dandruff problems VIVEL ULTRA PRO Vivel ultra pro products released their products in th following sizes 7.5ml sachet-3 rs 100 ml bottle -90 200 ml bottle- 160 In local super market space allocated for the product is 5% It occupies market share over 5% CONCLUSION From the above shampoos I conclude most of the shampoos sachets is sold instead of bottles due to price many of the shampoos companies get 40 % profit from sachets only HUL is occupied 1st place in shampoos market it has low price products to attract rural areas and high price products to be sold in urban areas it occupies 50% of market share. And then calvinkare because it is mainly used by rural areas due to price comparision , calvinkare products are relatively low when compare to any of the other it occupies 19% this are the only 2 leading companies in shampoos market

Phillip Larkin Essay

The statement â€Å"Larkin is a poet of grey moods, suburban melancholy and accepted regrets.† Is accurate and appropriate when looking at and reading his poetry. This is displayed through his various poems, including the ones I’m going to talk about; ‘Aubade’ and ‘The Whitsun Weddings.’ Both of which portray all three themes. The poem Aubade as a whole represents these three themes through the constant use of truncation in poem at the end of every stanza. The poem itself also represents the themes as ‘Aubade’ is about mourning the life we have in preparation for death, which in its irony comes under the first theme of grey moods. More specifically to the theme of grey moods within Aubade is through the quote, â€Å"I work all day, and get half drunk at night. /Waking at four to soundless dark. I stare† As this is in the opening stanza it sets the tone of the poem and portrays Larkin’s particular mindset. The monosyllabic language emphasises his reluctance in engaging in daily life as well as his depression. â€Å"Soundless dark,† being an allusion to death it portrays to the reader a certain outlook Larkin has on life due to these moods. The next quote to represent grey moods shows a pragmatic outlook Larkin has on life and thoughts. â€Å"Making all thought impossible but how / and where and when I shall myself die.† This quote from the poem is truncated to emphasise the inevitability of death itself. This quote yet again shows the outlook he has on life and the particular mindset Larkin is in which is largely influences his moods. Suburban melancholy is another theme represented throughout various poems written by Larkin, including ‘Aubade.’ Throughout this poem despondent outlooks on life is shown for example in this quote, ‘meanwhile telephones crouch, getting ready to ring / in locked up offices.† The personification effectively represents his distaste for life, working and daily duties again reiterating that the poem is about mourning life in preparation for death. The line in the quote saying, â€Å"getting ready to ring† can be interpreted as a symbol or a metaphorical representation of death calling. Another example displaying the theme of suburban melancholy is the quote, â€Å"all the uncaring / intricate rented world begins to rouse.† By saying intricate world meaning complicated it shows his outlook again on the daily life of society and human beings, possibly because they don’t share the same concern for death as he does. The words ‘uncaring and unrented world’ link to extinction and further links back to the theme of grey moods as well as accepted regrets as his attitude towards life is we are all going to die anyway so in a way what is the point. The theme of accepted regrets is evident throughout this poem and is shown in the quote, â€Å"Being brave / let’s no one off the grave† This rhyme and truncation emphasises Larkin’s outlook and acceptance within life and death. In this quote he accepts and understands that death is inevitable and Larkin acknowledges that it does not matter who he is or the decisions he has made in life it will not change anything. Death will still come. The poem ‘The Whitsun Weddings’ by Larkin as a whole represents all three themes through the structural use of truncation within stanzas to represent lines that are in a candid tone and also enjambment in Larkin’s descriptions of buildings and such as he admires buildings because they can stand forever and he fears death. The theme of grey moods is present within this poem in the following quote, â€Å"did my three-quarters-empty train pull out† The use of rhythm allows this line to flow in to the next line to further emphasise his tone and attitude. This quote also shows a metaphorical emptiness within Larkin as during this poem the time and place and setting have a relevance and meaning and he does not. Suburban melancholy is portrayed throughout these quotes, â€Å"Of blinding windscreens, smelt the fish dock.† The visual imagery at the beginning of this quote and then the olfactory imagery of the smell of the fish dock show sadness in his opinion and description of the landscape and his surroundings and how unappealing his society and life may be. Then in the quote, â€Å"Its postal districts packed like squares of wheat:† The simile emphasises the closeness and urban feel of the society again adding to the unappealing and dull nature and tone he sees in his surroundings. The final theme of accepted regrets is present within ‘The Whitsun Weddings’ in these quotes, â€Å"ready to be loosed with all the power / that being change can give.† This objective language shows Larkin’s experience on this journey and that events like this can change someone’s outlook on life but it hasn’t changed him and he accepts his decision for partaking in the journey. â€Å"And as the tightened brakes took hold, there swelled / a sense of falling.† This quote contains an aspect of visual imagery but shows a sense of falling to death. Death is inevitable and he believes that there is no hope, which he accepts and understands with the link to the sense of falling. Phillip Larkin is a poet is a poet of grey moods, suburban melancholy and accepted regrets and this as I have stated is unmistakable throughout all aspects of his poetry.

Children and Young People Development Essay

Section 1: – The pattern of development from birth to nineteen 1.1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19yrs 1.2 Explain the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is important Section 2 – The factors that influence development 2.1 Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors 2.2 Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors 2.3 Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice Section 1 complete: Verified: Section 2 complete: Verified: Section 3 – How to monitor development and make appropriate interventions 3.1 Explain how to monitor children and young people’s development using different methods 3.2 Explain the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern 3.3 Explain how disability may affect development 3.4 Explain how different types of intervention can promote positive outcome for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern Section 4 – Early intervention for children’s speech, language and communication and development 4.1 Analyse the importance of  early identification of speech, language and communication delays the disorders and the potential risk of late recognition 4.2 Explain how mutli-agency teams work together to support speech, language and communication 4.3 Explain how play and activities are used to support the development of speech, language and communication Section 3 complete: Verified: Section 4 complete: Verified: Section 5 – Transitions and the effect on child development 5.1 Explain how the different types of transition can affect children and young people’s development 5.2 Evaluate the effect on children and young people of having positive relationships during periods of transition Section 5 complete: Scenario You and a colleague have agreed to run a series of training workshops at a local college for students interested in working in child care. You have been invited in to show your knowledge of Child and Young Person Development in a school setting. Your colleague is going to write the training presentations but you need to create a series of handouts which summarise the key points. The headings of the workshops are: the pattern of development from birth to nineteen the factors that influence development how to monitor development and make appropriate interventions early intervention for children’s speech, language and communication development transitions and the effect on a child’s development Your handouts could be in any form and could include written information, diagrams, tables and illustrations. Use the structure below to produce the 5 handouts that your colleague has asked you to create. You must cover each of the assessment criteria. Handout Number One: the pattern of development from birth to nineteen Assessment Criteria: ï â€™ Please tick the box when you believe you have covered this in the content. ï  1.1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19 yrs ï  1.2 Explain the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is important 1.1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19 yrs Age Range Emotional Physical Cogitative (Intellectual) Language 0 – 9 months Emotional attachment to parents. Feelings (happy; sad; afraid.). A need for a sense of wellbeing and predictability of daily tasks. Starts to develop a sense of discernment for food and toys etc. Sleeps for most of the day. Shows excitement through waving arms and kicking legs. From 6 months on begins to rollover; sit independently; starts to crawl and pull up to standing position. Reaches out for objects and begins to grip them. Neck muscles strengthen enabling baby to hold head up. Begins teething. Slight responses using senses (sight; sound; smell; touch; taste). Mouthing objects Identify familiar people by their voices and facial features. Egocentric. Begins to compile visual images and to appreciate ‘reveal’ games i.e. peek-a-boo. Responsive to sound and familiar voices and turns head toward sounds. Responsive to facial expressions i.e. smiles. Begins to ‘babble’ and ‘gurgle’. Begins to say ‘dada’ and ‘mama’. Aware of familiar family names. 9 – 18 months Emotions develop i.e. Happiness; Anger; Fear. Distressed when others are upset. Looks for security and assurance from known adults, needs to be loved and cuddled. Draws away from strangers. Walking; shuffling; toddling. Begins to build blocks, can throw; hold a book. Pincer grip develops enabling child to hold pencils etc. Develops sleeping routine. Begins to imitate behaviours in others. Learns through the senses. Likes to hear objects named and understands familiar language i.e. eat; drink; dressed; bed. Begins to develop vocabulary (3 – 20 words). Uses gesture to communicate and reinforce language i.e. waving and saying ‘bye bye’ Connects sounds into ‘sentence structures’. 18 months – 3 years Learns to trust and become more confident. Has temper tantrums. Develops a sense of ‘self’ ant the need to do something for ‘self’. Understands and uses ‘No’. Shows lots of emotions. Lacks awareness of emotions in others. Begin to feed themselves. Draws, starts to stack blocks as fine motor skills develop. Can walk, run, climb stairs with caution. Enjoys action songs and begins to participate. Begin to use potty / toilet. Help to dress themselves. Recognise and name objects. Increased attention span, although still quite short. Continue to learn through the senses. Ability to match shapes and colours. Develop vocabulary at a rate of 3 words a month. Use three to four word sentences. Begins to sing simple songs and nursery rhythms. Can repeat simple messages. 3 – 5 years Unaware of others feelings. Sensitive to feelings of other people towards self. Growing confidence. Wants to please, seeks approval. Expresses emotions to others e.g. jealousy; anger; happiness. Ability to draw, use scissors, play catch. Can ride a tricycle, jump, run with confidence. Toilet trained. Enjoys sensory play i.e. sandpit; water, play doh, finger painting. Improved dressing skills. Rapid muscle growth. Uses imagination a lot, enjoys role play and dramatic play. Begins to see ‘cause and effect’ relationships. Is curious and inquisitive. Asks numerous questions. Can develop imaginary friends. Aware of right from wrong. Vocabulary increased up to 1500 words. Can have extended conversations. Can describe an event or what happened that da. Can carry out simple instructions. 5 – 12 years May start to show fear of dark, dogs, falling etc. Finds it difficult to accept criticism. Doesn’t like losing. Can display aggressive behaviour / tantrums. Can vocalise their needs and feelings. Can dress and undress. Care for own toilet needs. Confident running, jumping etc. Fine motor skills improved. Can draw, write, colour in more accurately. Learns to read and write. Can recognise and name more complicated shapes and colours. Can follow more detailed instructions. Starting to form opinions. Very curious. Vocabulary up to 4000 words. Sentence structure improves and question asking become complex, why; how; when. Ability to remember events and describe with greater details. 7 – 12 years .Girls are beginning to develop faster than boys. Increasing awareness of self and others and the environment. Usually affectionate, helpful, cheerful, outgoing. Can be rude, bossy, demanding. Independence growing, dependable and trustworthy. Has improved body control. Becomes more competitive. Fine motor skills improve. Handwriting becomes neater and smaller. Baby teeth fall replaced by adult teeth. Hand eye co-ordination improves. Increased ability academically i.e. literacy; mathematics; reading; IT. Can form and articulate compound opinions. Creative and likes to experiment. Develops interests, seeks facts, capable of prolonged interest. Can do more abstract thinking and reasoning. Challenges adult knowledge. Vocabulary increases to 10,000 words. Sentence structure takes on greater complexity. Ability to use grammar correctly including appropriate use of a wider range of language and punctuality. Appreciation of humour develops. 12 – 16 years Puberty begins, affecting emotional development. Greater sense of independence. Better understanding of other people beliefs and opinions. Will debate and argue their own view point with clarity and an ability to justify their reasoning. Can become sulky and withdrawn. Develops a greater interest in appearance and what others think of them. Physical changes brought on by puberty. Rapid growth and muscle development. Become more efficient at running, swimming etc. Ability to be a team player. Possible acne or similar skin problems. Healthy appetite to discuss and debate opinions and causes. Increased ability for more difficult maths, literacy, reading, researching. Can vocalise own ideas and beliefs. Increasingly able to memorise, to think logically about concepts, to engage I introspection and probing into own thinking. To plan realistically for the future. Vocabulary increases to 20,000 words. Ability to manipulate language and use in appropriate settings. Can clearly and concisely articulate view points and question others points of view. Extended reading list. Appreciation of humour. 16 – 19 years Worries about failure. May appear moody, angry, lonely, impulsive, self-centred, confused and stubborn. Has conflicting feelings about dependence/independence. Has essentially completed physical maturation, physical features are shaped and defined. Probability of acting on sexual desires increases. Can understand and resolve extremely complex theories in maths, science, IT  etc. Reading and writing matures. Ability to debate and discuss at higher level with peer groups. A greater ability to use language and understand use appropriately. Ability to use grammar correctly and adapt as necessary. More sophisticated use of humour and word play. 1.2 Explain the difference between the sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is important. The sequence of development is the order in which development takes places and all physical development happens in the same order for most people e.g. a baby must be able to hold its head without support before it can sit with just its lower back supported and then stand. A child’s development is generally broken down in to four of five specific categories i.e. physical; communication; intellectual/cognitive; social/emotional/behavioural and moral. Using these specific categories one can monitor the phases and stages of development within a ‘normal’ age range. The rate of development is the time period development happens at, there are guidelines available created from information gathered from observation indicating at what age various stages of development should occur, however, these are guidelines and one should remember all children are individuals and develop differently. The difference is important is because all guidelines are written in a way to support the development of a neurotypical child, therefore, if a child does not develop in line with the guidance it could indicate that there may be a problem. The guidelines provided for childhood development are a very useful tool used by both professionals and carer’s to monitor what a child can and cannot do at various stages in their development. By monitoring a child’s developmental progress, early indicators could be identified alerting the professional that there is a problem. It will also support professionals to plan efficiently and refer appropriately to ensure that a child gets the attention required to address the areas in which they are struggling. All areas of development are linked together, for example, speech can be affected if the child has difficulty hearing. The rate a child develops at can also be affected by their environment. One would expect a child who has extensive social interaction with people opportunities to play would develop faster than a child who has a more isolated life style and more limited opportunities to mix with groups of people and play. Handout Number Two: the factors that influence development Assessment Criteria:   Please tick the box when you believe you have covered this in the content. 2.1 Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors 2.2 Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors 2.3 Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice 2.1 Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors Children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors and how they can impact on the child’s rate of development and sense of well-bein rg. If a child has Special Educational Needs their development can be severely delayed in comparison to their peer group. Children who have conditions such as autism or global development delay social skills will not develop as expected, they may not have the skills required to interact with their peer group or learn through play. Children who fall in to this group may also lack the ability to copy or communicate through gesture and language and can often be described to be ‘in their own little world’. If a child has a physical disability their rate of development could be adversely effected. Children with mobility issues may not be able to walk or run. Their social interaction and opportunities may be limited and they may not mix as much as an able bodied child with their peer group. Appointments  with consultants and hospital could mean that they miss school. Their disability may mean they are not invited to birthday parties and social functions as an assumption could be made that if they can’t join in, they won’t enjoy it. If a child comes from an abusive home they could have emotional disabilities preventing them from trusting other people, especially adults. Doubting their own self-worth and their confidence in their own ability. It is very difficult for a child who has been mentally or physically abused to understand a safe and secure environment as it is alien to what they have come to accept as their ‘norm’. They can feel they are not as good as other children and believe that they cannot achieve what their peer group is achieving. Feeling like this about oneself can be crippling and can prevent a child achieving their full potential and it takes a lot of input from appropriate professional to help the child to recover. 2.2 Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors. Children and young people’s development is influenced by a wide range of external factors. These can include anything from situation in the home, school or local community. If a family moves house when a child is young this can adversely affect their development. A child of school age could be plucked from the security of a community and school where they feel safe and have a group of friends and find themselves in a new school, living in an unfamiliar community and what could feel like a scary and alien environment. It can be daunting to the point of socially crippling for some young children to join an established class, to be the ‘new’ child and to learn how to fit in with their new peer group and understand the rules of how the peer group function. As a consequence struggling to fit in could impact on the child’s academic achievement, self-confidence and social development. A child’s development can be affected if a new baby arrives. When the family dynamic changes all members of the family will subconsciously review their  place in the family structure. Whether they go from being an old child to eldest child; baby of the family to middle child or only boy / girl to eldest boy / girl etc. It can be difficult to find your niche and the introduction of the new member of the family can result in feelings of jealousy, no longer being needed, feeling you have been replaced or feeling less special. All of these feelings can cause the child to stop talking, regression, bed wetting or spiteful behaviour toward the baby. When a family are expecting a baby they should take time to discuss the new arrival, think about how it will effect ‘me’ and encourage the children, reassuring them that they are very much loved and that the new baby will really need it’s big brothers / sisters and that all the children in the family are special. It is possible to manage and plan to minimise the effect of some external factors that could influence the development of children and young people such as moving house and having a new baby. Unfortunately, sometimes things happen which we haven’t had time to prepare for. If a family member, close friend of the family, class mate or even a pet dies a child can find it very difficult to understand. The concept of death is challenging for most adults to comprehend so trying to explain to a child that someone they love has left and they won’t be seeing them anymore can devastate a child. They will struggle to manage these new emotions and there is a risk they blame themselves. As with other external factors which influence their development the child could regress, become introvert, find it hard to trust relationships with people who might just leave them. It can affect their school work and may take them some time to accept the death and move forward. They will need a hug e am out of emotional support. 2.3 Explain how theories of development and framework to support development influence current practice. Over the years there have been many theorists who have studied child development and considered what might effect and influence their stages and rate of development. The theorists were all driven by individual ideals and beliefs. Many of their theories influence common practice in early year’s environments and schools today. Piaget’s (1896-1980) theory looks at stages of cognitive development. According to Piaget children progress through four stages of cognitive development which indicate how they see the world. Piaget believed that children actively try to explore the world around them and try to make sense of it. Through his observations Piaget’s developed a theory of intellectual development that included four stages. The sensorimotor stage from birth to 2; the preoperational stage from 2 to 7; the concrete operational stage from 7 to 11 and the formal operational stage which begins in adolescence and continues in to adulthood. Piaget thought that all children develop at their own speed but got there in the end. By considering each child individually and thinking about how one would create the best learning experience for them we are providing them with a quality learning experience. In the classroom we must consider that all children are not at the same stage of cognitive development. There needs to be a variety of suitable learning experiences for children at various levels of cognitive development. This supports outcome-based education (OBE) principals which state that individual learners needs must be catered for through multiple teaching and learning strategies and assessment tools and that learners must be allowed to demonstrate their learning achievements and competence in whatever manner and most appropriate to their abilities. Marlow (1908-1970) was a humanist. His theory suggest that our actions are motivated in order to achieve our needs. His theory ‘A theory of Human Motivation’ is often displayed as a pyramid detailing a hierarchy of need. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of our most basic needs i.e. physical requirements including the need for water, food sleep and warmth. Once these are met people move up to the next level, a need for security and safety. People move up the pyramid towards the top requiring the need for friendship, love and a need for personal esteem and feelings of friendship. Maslows theory can be seen in the classroom by the introduction of water  bottles, regular healthy snacks, breakfast clubs and lunch at appropriate time in the school day schedule. Once the child’s basic needs have been met it is presumed that the child is best placed to learn. There is a huge emphasis on safe guarding in schools, everyone working in the school environment is trained to look out for possible signs of neglect, and this too supports Marlow to ensure the child’s needs are met. Skinner (1904-1990) believed the best way to understand behaviour is to look at the cause of an action and its consequences. He called his approach ‘operant conditioning’. This means the changing of behaviour by the use of a reinforcement which is given after the desired response. Skinner identified three types of response i) neutral response – responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behaviour being repeated. Ii) Reinforcer’s – responses from the environment that increases the probability of a behaviour being repeated. Reinforcer’s can be either positive or negative. iii) Punishers – response from the environment that decrease the likelihood of behaviour being repeated. Punishment weakens behaviour. Skinner’s theory can be implemented in the classroom by introducing a reward system. In younger classes ‘smiley/sad’ reward charts are displayed and smiley faces are given for good behaviour and sad faces for less favourable behaviour. As children grow older merit marks are given in recognition of good behaviour and detention for unwanted behaviour. Handout Number Three: how to monitor development and make appropriate interventions Assessment Criteria:   Please tick the box when you believe you have covered this in the content. 3.1 Explain how to monitor children and young people’s development using different methods 3.2 Explain the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern 3.3 Explain how disability may affect development 3.4 Explain how different types of interventions can promote positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern 3.1 Explain how to monitor children and young  people’s development using different methods. There are various methods of monitoring children’s and young people’s development. There are both summative (the assessment of the learning and summarizes the development of learners at a particular time) and formative (a wide variety of methods that teachers use to conduct in-process evaluations of student comprehension) methods such as formal testing i.e. SATs, which record a child’s academic achievement or observations, target checklists, tick box checklists. Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) sets the standards for development, learning and care of children from birth to 5 years. There 2 main assessments of children carried out i) EYFS check children at 2 yrs providing a short summary of a child’s development between 24 and 36 months. ii) the EYFS profile provides a summary and details the child’s attainment at the age of 5. In Primary and Secondary Education the National Curriculum is followed. The National Curriculum covers learning for all children aged 5 -16 in state schools. Children with Special Educational Needs (SEN) work to ‘P’ scales, this is the statutory method used for reporting attainment. Key Stages were intruded in 1988. Targets defined in the National Curriculum are assessed at the end of each key stage. Key Stage 1 covers years 1 and 2, Key Stage 2 covers years 3 to 6. At the end of the Key Stage the children are tested by using SATs (Standard Assessment Tests). These are tests that are set for pupils in Key Stage 1 in year 2, in Key Stage 2 in year 6 and in Key Stage 3 during years 7-9. They are designed to measure pupil’s progress in the core national curriculum subjects compared to other children of the same age. They are a method of assessing pupils, monitoring progress and help plan future teaching. The children are tested in an exam like environment and provide a comprehensive indication of the child’s academic attainment. SATs provide a method of understanding academic achievement, however, many other methods are used to monitor children’s development including observation. It’s essential to maintain paper records, recording what you see and feeding back to the parents. Teaching Assistants support the teachers with observations and will monitor areas of development such as  speech, language, social interaction, physical and age appropriate behaviour, feeding back to the teacher with any area of concern. 3.2 Explain the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern. 3.3 Explain how disability may affect development.  There are lots of reasons that children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern. It’s important to mindful that all children are different and will develop at different rates. However, it is also very important to observe children and be aware of significant differences in their development to that of their peer group. Emotional issues can impact on child development. Children who have experienced the death of a parent; sibling; close family member can become socially isolated. Not understanding the emotions they are experiencing, managing their own loss and grief and watching the grief and loss of their loved ones can cause them to regress. Some children have been known to stop talking when they experienced the loss of someone who was integral to their safe and secure world. They can experience anxiety and feel that others may suddenly die/disappear from their life. Children who are in care could have difficulty with their social development. If they do not have the opportunity to form a loving, trusting relationship with their parents then they could have difficulty forming trusting relationships with other people. Their own self value and self-worth could also be effected, feeling if their parents don’t want them then why anyone else would. Children do not have the capacity to completely understand all of the details of why they are in care but will feel the pain of rejection and in order to protect themselves could build up barriers, preventing them from interacting fully with their peers, teachers and care providers. Children who suffer with ongoing health issues development may not follow the expected pattern. If they have an issue which could result in lots of hospital appointments or days absent from school due to ill health not only can th eir academic achievement be adversely effected so can their emotional and social development. If their health issue is also a physical disability it could prevent them from participating in sports and physically able events. They could find that they are not included in activities or invited to parties as they are unable to take part. This in turn could  affect social skills and self-confidence. Children from different cultural backgrounds may develop at different rates and stages purely because the expectation of their culture is different. Some cultures view boys and girls differently and their expectations are according to gender could vary, there focus on areas of development and personal achievements to strive toward may differ to those that are in the UK’s expected pattern. The most significant factor that will affect development and prevent it from following the expected pattern is disability. Disability covers a multitude of issues including physical disability, sensory impairment (sight, hearing) or a developmental disorder such as autism. If a child’s fine motor skills and gross motor skills are not developing they will have problems controlling a pencil, developing independence skills feeding themselves (holding a spoon), walking, running, jumping. Children who are different will struggle in their peer group whether it be because they physically can’t keep up or if they socially can’t keep up. Communication problems can create a barrier to forming friendships and social integration. Children with severe developmental disabilities such as autism will develop very differently to the expected pattern. The world could seem alien to them, language a mystery, everything could cause confusion. Children with sensory processing disorder can struggle to cope in their environment and find it very hard to tolerate various experiences. A lot depends on the severity of the disability and the support and facilities available to the child. A child born with Down Syndrome will have a care plan in place from birth , their development pattern already differentiating from their peer group, expectations adjusted to take account of the delays one would expect to see in a Downs baby. Children with medical conditions such as cerebral palsy, again diagnosed from birth, could have associated learning difficulties which will effect both physical and mental development, so their expected development plan will be adjusted to include in their areas of disability. Children born with autism may not receive a diagnosis until they reach school age. Although they may have always been slightly different to their peer group, left undetected and diagnosed the expectation would still be to follow the normal pattern. However, once diagnosed adjustments would be made taking in to account the triad of impairments and how the child autism impacts on their development. Their social skills may not develop as  expected, they may not see the need to have friends or want to have friends. They may not understand role play, have appropriate communication skills. They may have sensory issues. These children are unique and they will develop at their own pace and in their own time. 3.4 Explain how different types of intervention can promote positive outcome for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern. There are many types of interventions promoting positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected patterns. Social Workers work closely with the family and care providers to support a child who has been identified with having developmental problems or a disability. Social workers are a key link to other professionals who will work with the child. Their role is to form a professional relationship with the family and become someone the family can trust and turn to if they need to access other services. A social worker will assess the family’s needs and identify what is required to support the family and the child and channel this through to access the resources required to meet the needs. They will intervene if there are problems at school and remain a constant between the parents and child if a child is placed in temporary care, providing the child with a familiar trusted adult. Educational psychologist’s asses’ children in school, working with the class teacher to identify how a child learns. They look at the individual learners who have been identified as gifted and talented or with learning difficulties and provided a detailed report discussing what external and internal factors may impact on the child’s ability to learn. The educational psychologist will report on areas including physical development; communication; cognitive; educational attainment; approaches and attitude to learning; social emotional behaviour; independence/self hep skills; child’s views; parents views and factors impacting on progress. The report will detail recommendations to the school and if the child has a Statement of  Special Needs to the Local Authority. The recommendations will include the type of provision a child needs to learn, the type of environment and the type of strategies that will support the child to achieve their full potential. Speech and Language Therapists (SaLT) provide expertise in language, communication and swallowing disorders. They will assess the child in clinic and work closely with allied professionals to provide support. During the assessment they will provide a differential diagnosis, interventions and management for children with difficulties. They work closely with the child’s family; paediatricians; SENCO’s; teachers etc. to provide strategies and techniques to reduce the impact these difficulties have on the child’s learning. SaLT’s work with children who have difficulties including articulation delay; phonological delay; phonological disorder; developmental language delay; developmental language disorder; specific language impairment, dysphagia; dysfluency; social communication disorder; voice disorder; cleft lip/palate and oral dyspraxia. A SaLT uses their discretion to identify if a child’s SaLT difficulty is an educational requirement or not and where is should be situated on the child’s Statement of Special Needs. Occupational Therapist’s (OT) asses and treat physical and psychiatric conditions using specific activities to prevent disability and promote independence in daily life. They work with a wide range of people including children and young people to support them to overcome their disability. OT will work with children who have been given a diagnosis and will implement strategies which will support the child become part of the child’s daily tasks. They deliver support to children with diagnosis’ including physical disability and Cerebral Palsy; Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD)/Dyspraxia; Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); Sensory Processing Disorders; Significant Development Delay and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). These are only a few of the many professionals working with children and  young people to provide strategies and on-going support to ensure that the child’s need are met and that they are placed in the best possible education environment. Working together to provide a multi-agency approach will ensure a positive outcome for the child and their family enhancing and enabling the child to achieve their full potential.