Foods In Asia Essays - Cuisine, Steaming, Staple Food, Cooking, Food

Foods In Asia Essays - Cuisine, Steaming, Staple Food, Cooking, Food Foods in Asia China The Chinese make full use of the many kinds of foods produced in china. Most of the basic foods rice, wheat, corn, potatoes, meat fish, and vegetables, are well known to us and are used in western cooking. Food is chopped into bite sized pieces and is usually cooked quickly over a hot flame or steamed to retain its flavor and color. These fast-cooking methods are very nutritious, as they preserve the food's natural vitamins. The Chinese are sociable eaters and often eat out with thier family and friends. For lunch, they may snack on rice dumplings stuffed with meat or sweet bean paste or have a filling bowl of rice or noodles with meat and vegetables. In the evening they eat a more substantial meal. This usually consists of several courses; sometimes many dishes are served at the same time and shared by all the people around the table. Japan Traditionally the Japanese diet has consisted of rice, fresh fish, and vegetables. While these remain the staples, Japanese people today enjoy a great variety of locally produced and impoted foods. Fish is one of the nation's favorite foods, providing just under half the animal protein consumed by a average person. A traditional Japanese diet is very healty. It is high in vitamins and vegetables proteins, and low in fat. A typical Japanese meal is made up of many small, artistically arranged dishes. The appearence of the food is important. Japanese food must look as perfect as it tastes. Vietnam The location of Vietnam on the Southeast Asian peninsula accounts for much of the country's identity. This tiny agricultural nation has absorbed Chinese, French, and American influences. Food and family are central to Vietnamese life. There is a Vietnamese saying that "The first pleasure in the world is eating." A major concern is for tectures and appearance. The fresh, clean taste of Vietnamese cooking comes from the use of fresh herbs and seasonings; garlic, lemon and lime. Raw or lightly steamed vegetables and fruit are often used. Becuase foods are never prepared in animal fat nor served with sugary sauces the Vietnamese diet is wholesome and nutritious as well.

12 Italian Loanwords

12 Italian Loanwords 12 Italian Loanwords 12 Italian Loanwords By Mark Nichol The Italian language and its Latin-derived relatives have enriched English with many words, primarily those pertaining to art, music, and cuisine. Occasionally, such terms lend themselves well to prose about matters outside those subject areas. For example, one might describe a shadowy cityscape with the word chiaroscuro (â€Å"light-dark† the element -oscuro is cognate with obscure), which refers to the technique in painting and later in photography and cinematography of producing distinct areas of light and darkness. Fermata (â€Å"stop,† related to firm), the term for an arbitrary extension of a chord, note, or rest, might be used metaphorically to refer to an awkward silence. And a person of nearly frantic demeanor could be said to have an espresso attitude, from the name of a type of coffee highly concentrated and therefore producing a potent jolt of the stimulant caffeine made expressly (hence the name) for a given customer. Here are other words derived from Italian that fall both inside and outside of the usual categories: 4. Extravaganza: This extravagant word originally referred to exaggerated performances or prose but now denotes an event marked by spectacular elements. 5. Ghetto: This term now associated with a socioeconomically depressed city neighborhood, of disputed etymological origin, most likely derives from borghetto, the diminutive of borgo, cognate with borough and burg (sometimes seen as -burgh in such city names as Pittsburgh). It acquired a powerful connotation due to the segregation (and persecution) of the Jews in Europe and especially in Nazi Germany; it’s also a sensitive term in reference to areas inhabited primarily by black people or members of other formerly (and sometimes currently) persecuted minorities. However, it is sometimes used neutrally to refer to a distinct area or one noted for a particular quality: Berkeley, California, is home to the original Gourmet Ghetto; the name has since been applied elsewhere. A business district or a part of a company’s offices, alternatively, might be referred to as a technology ghetto. 6. Lingua franca: The original lingua franca the phrase means â€Å"Frankish tongue† was the pidgin Italian, heavily influenced by other languages, employed in the Middle East during the Crusades of the medieval era. (Why â€Å"Frankish†? The Arabs traditionally referred to all Europeans as Faranji, meaning â€Å"Franks,† or â€Å"French.†) Now, it usually refers to a specialized vocabulary or jargon employed by a certain group. 7. Quarantine: The primary sense of this term (literally, â€Å"forty†), a reference to isolation of contagious or infected people, alludes to the medieval custom of restricting ships from plague-stricken areas from docking at a harbor for forty days; the original Italian expression is quarantina giorni (â€Å"(period of) forty days†). The term can be applied figuratively, for example, in reference to an effort to separate rivals or to keep a dieting person away from fattening food. 8. Regatta: This term for a boat race (usually one involving sailboats) stems from the name of a competition held by medieval Venetian gondoliers and means â€Å"contest,† though its verb form had a secondary meaning of â€Å"to haggle.† Figurative uses could include a reference to a parade of ostentatiously dressed people as a regatta. 9. Scenario: This theatrical term (â€Å"pertaining to stage scenes†) came in English to refer to an outline of a play, the equivalent of a treatment for a film. Later, it applied to a hypothetical or imagined situation. 10. Segue: Originally strictly a musical term referring to a seamless transition from one movement of a composition to another, segue (â€Å"there follows† it’s related to sequel and sequence) now applies to any such deft maneuver. Because -ue is rarely if ever pronounced as a separate syllable in English brogue, league, and vague exemplify the norm some writers who have heard but not seen the word misspell it segway (perhaps influenced by a small motorized vehicle called the Segway). 11. Sotto voce: This expression (â€Å"under the voice†) refers to the act of whispering so as not to be overheard, though it often applies to a stage whisper, a character’s speech supposedly unheard by other characters in a performance but amplified so that the audience can hear it. Offstage, the phrase might refer to a comment someone makes as if in confidence to someone else but deliberately uttered loudly enough to be heard by others. 12. Volte-face: This French word derives from the Italian phrase volta faccia (literally, â€Å"turn face†), which means to change one’s direction or opinion. The American English synonym of choice, used often in political and business contexts, is flip-flop, though the near-literal translation about-face, originally a military command to reverse the direction one is facing, is also seen and heard; U-turn is common in British English. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases16 Misquoted QuotationsHow often is "bimonthly"?

Philosophy Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Philosophy Ethics - Essay Example On the contrary, those with slave morality do make villains out of their masters and wish to make them slaves as well. Notably, master morality is associated with the powerful and the strong individuals, whereas slave morality represents the weak willed who are oppressed and abused, and they are expected to be submissive to their masters. However, both slave and master morality are expressive to will to power but differently in that, master morality â€Å"is the explicit recognition of the will to power whereas slave morality shows its will to power in the explicit denial of value of power† (Solomon 131). Accordingly, Nietzsche associate master morality with the nobles whereas slave morality with the herds. Nietzsche’s concept of master-slave morality provides an understanding of the conflicts between societies, and Nietzsche claims that master and slave morality have resulted to conflicts experienced in the society. He believes that there are always conflicts between t he slaves and their masters or a strong group versus a weak group of individuals in the society. Nietzsche’s works on the death of God reveals that he believed in a literal death of God. By declaring that God is dead, Nietzsche implies that people’s beliefs and need for God is dead, and with the death of God, human beings are looking for something to replace Him such as scepticism, nihilism, utilitarianism among others. The death of God signifies a break in the past and new non-metaphysical unity among others (Stauffer and Bettina 239); more so, Nietzsche’s argument about the death of God emphasizes the significance of losing faith. Arguably, the death of God signifies the decline of religion and the rise of atheism, therefore, Nietzsche claims that the absence of high moral authority would lead to chaos in the world. Nietzsche claims that the death of God signifies the reversal of nihilism (Stauffer and Bettina 239), and so he argues that the western world enti rely depends on the rule of God to give the society order and meaning to life and so His death would force the society to accept nihilism which he considers dangerous. Nietzsche argues that values are important for the wellbeing and existence of humans, and so by transformation of all values, Nietzsche meant that Christianity is not just a religion but also a predominant moral system of the western world. More so, Nietzsche states that Christianity elevates the weak over the strong; therefore, in the Antichrist, he condemns Christianity and calls for the revaluation of all values. Therefore, by transformation of all values, Nietzsche is addressing the Christians and those supporting Christianity. Q.2 The term gyn/ecology refers to the science of womankind as proposed by males (Daly 9); and according to Daly, gyn/ecology was an attempt to see through the deceptive and confusing patriarchal thinking about good and bad. More so, it focuses on the atrocities against women globally and i n all periods of patriarchy and shows that they are interconnected. In short, Daly’s work gyn/ecology  was concerned with the process of women’s becoming and the demotic obstacles to this process, the deceptive myths as well as the sadistic practices of patriarchal culture. Moreover, Daly explored the deadly myths that interfere with the minds of women and she recounts both the physical and psychological destruction of

IT in the Workplace and how It Affects Work-life Balance Research Paper

IT in the Workplace and how It Affects Work-life Balance - Research Paper Example The virtual world of the internet has taken personal and work lives by storm in entering a deep zone of human consciousness and subconsciousness. (Duxbury 15) It has become a near involuntary exercise to stay in the world of the Internet due to the worldwide acceptance and need for this technology in professional, social and financial spheres of life. The advent of the Internet, Internet Rich Applications, and Smart Devices together have led to the fading of boundaries between work and personal life. While holding a Smartphone in hand there is a possibility of getting a notification from one’s employer about an upcoming task or an urgent call to made that very day, or perhaps a call from a client or boss. Hardware devices like Smartphones, PDAs, Tablets, and Pads have affected work-life balance to a great extent. The introduction of such devices in one’s life has led to 24 X 7 seamless connections with the Internet, email accounts, instant messengers, office network etc. This increases the chance of being contacted for official work on weekends, vacations or even while one is sick. Randstad Work Monitor Report for Quarter 1 2012 revealed that majority of employees in Singapore struggle to achieve work-life balance as technology infiltrated daily lives and virtually resulting in being connected to the office while attending to personal and social life. (Asia One 1) A Canadian researcher, Linda Duxbury, through her focused study has found that tools like emails, blackberry, instant messenger, professional networks, PDAs, laptops, pads, Palmtop PDAs have increased the expectations of being available anywhere and anytime. It adds to the stress and burden of the employee and raises hopes of managers expecting people to reply and respond to messages or answer calls even when they are away from work. (The Conversation 1) It indeed makes one stressed if he or she is not able to attend a phone call or reply to a mail or message immediately.

Rsa Public Key Essay Example for Free

Rsa Public Key Essay Asymmetric algorithms rely on one key for encryption and a different but related key for decryption. These algorithms have the following important characteristics: †¢ It is computationally infeasible to determine the decryption key given only knowledge of the cryptographic algorithm and the encryption key. In addition, some algorithms, such as RSA, also exhibit the following characteristics: †¢ Either of the two related keys can be used for encryption, with the other used for decryption. A public key encryption scheme has six ingredients: †¢ Plaintext: This is readable message or data that is fed into the algorithm as input. †¢ Encryption algorithm: The encryption algorithm performs various transformations on the plaintext. †¢ Public and private key: This is a pair of keys that have been selected so that if one is used for encryption, the other is used for decryption. The exact transformations performed by the algorithm depend on the public or private key that is provided as input. †¢ Cipher text: This is the scrambled message produced as output. It depends on the plaintext and the key. For a given message, two different keys will produce two different cipher texts. †¢ Decryption algorithm: This algorithm accepts the ciphertext and the matching key and produces the original plaintext. The essential steps are as the following: . Each user generates a pair of keys to be used for the encryption and decryption of messages. 2. Each user places one of the two keys in a public register or the other accessible file. This is the public key. The companion key is kept private. As figure suggests, each user maintains a collection of public keys obtained from others. 3. If Bob wishes to send a confidential message to Alice, Bob encrypts the message using Alice’s public key.

Summary of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Free Essay Writer

Summary of Romeo and Juliet Scene 1 Act 1:Scene one opens with a fight on the streets of Verona between servants from the Montague and Capulet households. While attempting to stop the fight, Benvolio is drawn in by Tybalt. The heads of both houses (Montague and Capulet) arrive on the scene. Prince Escalus arrives and stops the fight, forbidding any further brawls. Montague and his wife discuss Romeo’s strange behavior with Benvolio and ask him why he is acting that way. They find Romeo and have Benvolio talk to him. Benvolio advises him to forget Rosaline, but Romeo refuses. Scene 2 Act 1:Paris asked Capulet if it would be all right if he could marry Juliet. Capulet is not sure because Juliet is so young, however he ends up agreeing with Paris. Capulet invites Paris to the feast. He sends off the guest list with a servant, that can’t read the names. He meets Romeo and Benvolio and asks them for help. Romeo noticed that the list had Rosaline on it, so he dared to go to the feast to meet with her. Benvolio again suggests to Romeo that he should forget Rosaline, he again refuses. Scene 3 Act 1:Lady Capulet talks to Juliet about marriage then tells her about Paris’ proposal. When lady Capulet tells Juliet that Paris will be at the feast, Juliet doesn’t act too excited. Nurse responds for Juliet with something that Lady Capulet wanted to hear. Scene 4 Act 1:Romeo, Benvolio, Mercutio, and other members of the Montague house go to the Capulet feast. They are all wearing masks to hide their identity. They talk it over and decide to stay for one dance. Because Romeo is still in love with Rosaline, Mercutio teases him about being a hopeless lover. Mercutio then starts a long tale about how fairies deliver dreams to humans as they sleep. Scene 5 Act 1:Romeo, Mercutio, Benvolio, and the servants arrive at the feast in masks. Capulet is there at the door to greet them. Capulet talks to his cousin about how long ago it was when they took part in a masque. Romeo sees Julies and falls in love with her immediately. Tybalt recognizes Romeo’s voice and is ready to fight. Capulet stops Tybalt and tells him to ignore Romeo for now and try to keep the peace. Romeo and Juliet keep talking and end up kissing, Nurse runs in the middle of them and tells Juliet to go find her mother immediately.

Determining Justification for Rfid Technology

Running Head: DETERMINING JUSTIFICATION FOR RFID TECHNOLOGY Determining Justification for RFID Technology Bahram Izadi, Master Student of Business Management, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran and John Boyd, BASc, Computer Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada Abstract â€Å"What are  the  benefits? † is a  common question for any organization considering implementing a new  technology. This is an especially  important question  for small or developing companies, where an error in  investment could  result in unrecoverable  operating capital loss. As Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems are making  deep and impressive  improvements in manufacturing, distribution, and supply chain management and military logistics, it is time to consider  the  quantifiable financial and operational benefits  of RFID in  an organization's competitive strategic plans. This article will review the benefits of RFID implementation against its costs, and demonstrate  how the introduction of an RFID system can reduce production, distribution, and warehousing costs, while increasing  the operational efficiency of an organization. Through financial metrics, value equations, and numerical  analysis this article  will demonstrate  how  RFID implementation  can improve not only an  organizations bottom line, but also  intangible benefits such as internal focus, industry  leadership, and differentiation from its competitors. A sample business case study will be presented to demonstrate to the reader valuable insight to both real-world advantages and limitations associated with RFID adoption. 1. Introduction The focus of this paper is how to develop an RFID strategic plan to quantify RFID justification through return on investment (ROI). RFID offers strategic advantages for businesses, private or state organizations because it can improve efficiency, cost savings, and yield greater returns  in virtually all areas of business processes and operations. However due to the complexity associated with an RFID system, its uncertain proven capabilities, and high costs of implementation, it is crucial to create solid a business case and justification in terms of ROI, either quantifiable or intangible, which offer the greatest benefit to the company. 2. Background – What is RFID? Radio frequency identification, or RFID, is a wireless automatic data collection technology which uses electronic tags for data storage. An RFID system consists of an RFID tag, a reader/writer unit with antenna, and a computer, as shown in Figure 1. [pic] Figure 1 RFID System The reader/writer emits radio signals from its antenna to power the tag, and can read or write data to the tag without a direct line of site. Reader/writer units are available in various shapes and sizes depending on requirement or application. Similarly RFID tags are available to suit most any application or environment from unobtrusive paper thin tags suitable for traditional barcode applications, to large heavy-duty brick sized tags to track heavy machinery. The computer or middleware allows communication between the RFID hardware and system applications. 3. RFID Benefits and Costs RFID offers strategic advantages for businesses because it can improve productivity, efficiency, cost savings, and yield greater returns in virtually all areas of business operations. As an example, Air Canada was losing $2 million USD worth of food carts per year. This initial problem of asset tracking resulted in the deployment of RFID systems which yielded a 2% reduction in total inventory, 5% reduction in maintenance costs, 20% to 50% in trucking charges, 80% reduction in shrinkage, 100% reduction in costs for auditing yearly inventory counts and ROI within 18 months. [Internet, 4] In general some of the main advantages of RFID usage are: †¢ Reduced warehouse and distribution labor costs due to increased data automation †¢ Reduced inventory by omitting inventory errors Improved forecasting and planning due to improvements in visibility of supply chain †¢ Reduced theft by tracking the products point to pint †¢ Reduced out-of stock conditions via better RFID product tracking RFID is used for everything from tracking cows and pets to triggering equipment down oil wells. The most common applications are payment systems, toll collection systems, access control, track people, assets and products without the need for human intervention or direct line of site. [Internet, 5] All of the applications listed have been deployed because they haven proven ROI. . RFID Costs When considering RFID costs a company must consider the total cost of ownership rather than just the initial RFID hardware and tags costs. A complete RFID system includes not only hardware infrastructure, but also service such as design, development, deployment, maintenance, ongoing support, and training. Also to consider are the future costs as the system is scaled beyond its initial pilot or trial phase. Costs should also be associated with restructuring or introducing new business practices. 5. Creating Justification for RFID The potential applications and benefits of RFID are only constrained by a company’s level of innovation. However, before rushing to adopt RFID technology a company can ensure the greatest rate of return and success by having in place a comprehensive strategic plan which quantifies all encompassing aspects of RFID including technology and business processes in order to deliver its benefits for maximum value. In order to justify the costs of an RFID system it is vital a companies RFID strategic plan contains quantifiable  metrics assigned to values of each area which RFID impacts. Therefore when a company does decide to implement RFID, such a strategic plan will allow them to proceed confidently to their strategic objective while ensuring the maximum potential value areas are achieved. By contrast a poor RFID strategic plan without careful and insightful study, risks to dilute the focus and resources of the business and may prove to be detrimental and wasteful, instead of beneficial. Each RFID deployment will have its unique application varying with the application of the company and the company’s goals so there is no single ROI or total cost of ownership criteria for RFID. On the other hand, ROI in many cases is not only found financially but also in intangible factors. For example a distribution center may place value on increasing efficiency throughput in order to save money on labor and reduced shipping errors, where a hospital or healthcare center would place value on increasing visibility of surgical equipment so to have a better chance to save a persons life due to increased response time – economic cost would not be so much as a constraint in this case, but rather the service is of more importance than straight financial justification. . Creating a RFID Strategic plan to determine ROI justification As previously mentioned, there are often uncertainties and reservations when an organization first considers introducing RFID, such as concern of high price or hesitation at the risks of being an early adopter and risking mistakes and learning costs. This is usual behavior in small companies and especially in developing countries where  an er ror in  investment could  result in  unrecoverable  operating capital loss. To overcome this uncertainty and to proceed confidently with the company-wide acceptance of RFID deployment, a plan must include strategic thinking and financial justification. [Sweeney, Patrick J II, Chapter 16] By thinking strategically, we uncover the hard data and information that enables members of organization to make informed decisions and to communicate the rationale of RFID deployment effectively. Performing an ROI study on RFID will allow a company to become reacquainted with current business processes and to identify opportunities for optimization (if RFID is decided to be used or not. Through analysis and calculations, in this process we examine every RFID affected area and assign to them associated value metrics in terms of quantifiable or intangible returns. However in order to obtain the information and data necessary to perform ROI calculations and value equations it is necessary to create a solid and detailed rich strategic plan comprised of but not limited to the fo llowing sections, Figure 2. [pic] Figure 2 Involved Steps of an RFID Strategic Plan 6. 1 Form Business Team Since an RFID implementation will affect business process as well as technological change, it is beneficial that the business team includes internal management personnel capable of RFID analysis from all related functional departments. Internal team members, working closely together with external experts and consultants, will be able to offer valuable procedural insight to the development and design of an RFID system. 6. 2 Define Scope and Assumptions A strategic plan should clearly define how RFID will affect the business and define key elements of RFID operation. A clear understanding of affected processes, departments, and areas of coverage, is essential. Assumptions are necessary to ensure a common understanding of how the RFID system will be implemented and what processes will be affected. 6. 3 Identify Strategic and Economic Benefits Benefits represent one of the most important factors in building an RFID business case. To determine justification and feasibility of an RFID system a company must summarize its expected strategic impacts and quantifiable benefits obtained through more efficient RFID enabled processes. Since strategic or intangible benefits can not be easily quantified, it is important for the company to articulate why an RFID introduction is important to business and have a clear understanding of its associated value. This is especially important for companies which place value on product or data visibility. Examples of strategic benefits include internal focus, industry  leadership, and differentiation from its competitors, and product visibility. Quantifiable economical benefits can be tested through metrics and measured with calculations. Quantifiable benefits will vary with industry and RFID application but will generally be attributed to time or process improvements through automation and improved efficiency. 6. 4 Develop Business Process Models Process modeling consists of creating business-flow diagrams and use-cases to determine and quantify how RFID will impact those processes and associated applications. Adoption of RFID technology will most likely create new additional processing steps, and therefore modified business use cases will be introduced to reflect optimized RFID use. Some sub processes might get streamlined and thus provide efficiency gains, whereas some other sub processes might need to include additional processing steps, which might impact their efficiency rates. The use cases associated with the impacted and newly introduced processes can then be analyzed for benefit [Lahiri, Sandip, Chapter 8]. 6. 5 Determine Costs When considering ROI, one must consider the total cost of ownership rather than just the initial RFID hardware and tags costs. A complete RFID system includes not only hardware infrastructure, but also service such as design, development, deployment, maintenance, ongoing support, and training. Also to consider are the future costs as the system is scaled beyond its initial pilot or trial phase. Costs should also be associated with restructuring or introducing new business practices. 6. 6 Create an Implementation Road Map An implementation roadmap breaks up the complete RFID solution into a series of objective milestones within set time-frames. The main tasks involved in completing this step are developing a scale of implementation from trial or pilot stages to full deployment, and assigning associated metrics of costs and benefits with each stage of milestone. 6. 7 Create Business Case Finally all information should be compiled to form a business case. Each benefit should be associated with a level of impact and time to realization. The level of impact takes three factors into account: whether a benefit generates revenue, mitigates risk, or reduces cost. We may assign low-impact to benefits that meet one factor and high-impact to benefits that meet two or more factors. Time frame is a time period in which the business will see benefit. Short term could be one to two years and long term three to five years. It is difficult to forecast beyond five years. 7. Criteria and Justification Metrics to Justify ROI In order to justify the costs an RFID system it is vital a company complete RFID strategic plan contains quantifiable  metrics assigned to values of each area RFID impacts on including procedures and personnel to ensure  RFID investments yield the greatest  rate of return. Through study numerical analysis value equations and modeling, the  value of various RFID systems can be made apparent and determined to be financially feasible or  cost prohibitive. It is important to present a cost benefit analysis in order to justify the investment in an RFID system and establish a clear ROI. Upon the completion of the strategic plan, the quantified figures and resultant findings can be processed through value equations to justify and determine feasibility of an RFID system. However, ROI in many cases is not only found financially but also through intangible factors. In this case, VOI (Value of Investment) should also be considered. Value of Investment is much more holistic approach to the benefits delivered and includes, next to the hard costs figures, the soft and difficult to measure benefits such as improved quality, staff moral and service perception, and customer loyalty. 8. Sample of RFID Justification through Case Study 8. 1 Introduction This example will show the Return on Investment (ROI) of an RFID solution for a company which sends shipments from its manufacturing plant to its distribution center. The system will be closed loop which means that the tags and their data will be limited to internal company use and will not be used beyond the limited area of distribution center. RFID technology will be used to help automate the transfer process. The overall objectives are: †¢ Demonstrate how RFID technology may be utilized to improve the efficiency of the transfer of shipments. Demonstrate a case which is justifiable in cost due to positive ROI analysis. 8. 2 Background A company’s distribution center is plagued by errors and inefficiencies when receiving shipments from the manufacturing plant. Especially problematic areas are delay in receiving pallets and loss of pallets to be returned. 8. 3 Assigning Metrics to Processes Estimation time to completion (ETC) of items entering the distribution center, wit hout and with RFID is described as in Table1. |No. Process |ETC |Process with RFID |ETC with RFID | |- |- |- |Precondition – RFID tags are|0 sec | | | | |affixed to pallets and | | | | | |individual items at the | | | | | |manufacturing plant. | |1 |Personnel scans barcode on pallet|30 sec |Pallet is placed in RFID |5 sec | | |to validate order and manually | |reader portal and scanned | | | |compares to expected manifest | |along with all contained | | | |list. | |items. Order is checked | | | | | |automatically. | | |2 |If pallet is valid expected |3 min |If pallet is valid but found|3 min | | |personnel enters pallet as | |to have exception it is | | | |received and breaks open the | |broken own, all items are | | | |pallet | |automatically scanned and | | | | | |noted, and extra item is | | | | | |brought to return area. | | |3 |Else pallet is invalid it is |4 min |Else pallet is invalid it is|4 min | | |moved to return area. | |moved to return area. | |4 |Personnel scans all individual |6 min |- |- | | |bar-coded items to validate the | | | | | |pallet contains all ordered items| | | | |5 |If item is invalid personnel |2 min per item |- |- | | |manually notes this and places | | | | | |item in return section. | | | | |6 |Else item is valid and is placed |6 seconds per item|Else pallet valid and all |1 min | | |into received area to be moved | |contained items are present,| | | |into inventory section. (Pallet | |entire pallet is placed in | | | | contains 20 individual items. ) | |received area to be moved to| | | | | |inventory. | | |Time to unload a pallet with no |11min, 30sec |- |1min, 5sec | | |invalid items | | | | Table 1 Estimated time to completion to process pallet at distribution center From Table 1, the estimated completion times (ETC) of Time to unload a pallet with no invalid items is 11min, 30sec without RFID, compared to 1min, 5sec with an RFID system. 8. 4 RFID Solution and Process Detail Placing RFID reader portals at the distribution centers dockside gate allows for automatic identification of all pallets and included pallet items to be scanned upon arrival. This would eliminate the manual steps of unpacking and checking each individual item separately before adding to inventory. An additional processing step of placing RFID labeling on items and pallets before them leave the manufacturing plant would be occurred; however this would not affect distribution center processing time. 8. 5 RFID Benefits Incorporating RFID into the distribution center process provides the following quantifiable and intangible benefits: †¢ Quantifiable benefits include: Pallet processing time increased of 90%, Reduction of loss as all pallets due to total visibility, Labor savings, and Reduced keyboard entry errors †¢ Intangible benefits: Neater docking area, Improved work atmosphere 8. 6 Risks and complexity Potential risks and complexity associated with RFID implementation may include Tag Misread due to damaged tag, moisture on the pallet tag, or proximity to metal surfaces. Site evaluation and proper RFID technology can minimize this risk as well as running barcodes in parallel with the RFID tags. 8. 7 RFID Components and System Costs The proposed RFID system will require estimated infrastructure and services consisting of the following: |Description |Costs Low $ |Costs High $ | |Hardware/Software | | | |RFID gate portal reader (4) |28,000 40,000 | |RFID handheld readers (4) |6,000 |8,000 | |Accessories: Cables, etc |1,000 |1,000 | |Servers and Accessories (5) |10,000 |15,000 | |Software |30,000 |50,000 | |RFID tags (10,000) – Closed loop system, tags can be recycled |2,000 |5,000 | | | | | |Integration | | | |Engineering, Installation and Integration services, training, |60,000 |100,000 | |maintenance (60 person days) | | | | | | | |Business Process Modification | | | |RFID tag application retooling at the manufacturing plant |35,000 |55,000 | | | | | |Total |172,000 |274,000 | Table 2 Estimated RFID Costs 8. 8 Summary of Results Through RFID implementation if you compare the pallet processing times of Table 1, you can see that a savings of 10min, 25secs can be realized per pallet. This is equivalent to a 90% increase in processing throughput times with the condition of a valid pallet and items. If the distribution center receives 500 pallets per day it can realize investment between 10 and 16 months depending on RFID costs, with assumed personnel costs of $10 hour and a 261 working-day per year calendar. If the distribution center is free of invalid pallets 95% of the time return on investment can be seen as in Table 3, as follows: Pallets received per|Savings per day |Savings per day |Savings per year |ROI with low RFID costs|ROI with high RFID costs | |day | |(in $USD) |(in $USD) |(in months) |(in months) | | |(in hours) | | | | | |300 |49. 5 |495 |129,140 |16 |26 | |500 |82. 5 |824 |215,234 |10 |16 | |700 |115. 5 |1155 |301,328 |7 |11 | Table 3 Time to ROI Sample calculations are as follows for 500 pallets received per day: 11min,30sec * 500 pallets = 690sec * 500 = 345000sec. 1min,30sec * 25 pallets = 690sec * 25 = 17250sec. 1min, 5sec * 475 pallets = 65sec * 475 = 30875sec 17250+30875 = 48125sec 345000sec – 48125sec = 296875sec 296875sec/3600 = 82. 46hr, round to 82. 5hours 82. 46hr*$10=$824. 65/day , round to $824 824. 65*261=$215,233. 65/year 215,234. 38/172,000=1. 27 0. 79*12=9. 58, round to 10months 215,234. 38/$274,000=0. 799 1. 27*12=15. 27, round to 16months Once RFID familiarity has been gained and estimated metrics have been realized, RFID may be moved to other areas of the company such as the picking from inventory at the distribution center, or some other RFID application at manufacturing center itself. However, the processes, equipment, results, and lessons learned will be applicable to other distribution centers, and acquired knowledge may be applied to other potential cost saving areas. 9 Conclusion The capabilities and limitations of RFID much be understood on a technical level, but also on a business procedural level to determine how RFID will ultimately impact on business. The decision to implement an RFID system must be carried out diligently with ROI equations. Also important to consider is intangible value which may not be apparent on a balance sheet. RFID is ultimately a business tool like many other IT options and to access its maximum capability, a company must have solid business procedures and plans in place. References Lahiri, Sandip (2005, August). RFID Sourcebook. Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN: 0-13-185137-3 Larsson, Bjorn & Qviberg, Ola (2004, December). Evaluation and Justification of an RFID Implementation Pilot at IKEA Customer Distribution Centre. Master thesis LiTH-EKI-EX—04/083—SE Institute of technology – Linkoping University Department of Management and Economics Industrial Engineering and Management Sweeney, Patrick J. II (2005). RFID for Dummies. Wiley Publishing, Inc. ISBN: 0-7645-7910-X Ustundag, A. Cevikcan, E. (2007, October). Return on Investment Analysis for Evaluation of RFID Implementation on Cargo Operations, Istanbul Tech. Univ. , Istanbul; Appears in: RFID Eurasia, 2007 1st Annual Publication Date: 5-6 Sept. 007 ISBN: 978-975-01566-0-1 INSPEC Accession Number: 9777002 Digital Object Identifier: 0. 1109/RFIDEURASIA. 2007. 4368145 Date Published in Issue: 2007-10-29 Internet 1 Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility. What is RFID? Retrieved September 2, 2008 from http://www. aimglobal. org/technologies/RFID/what_i s_rfid. asp 2 Axios Systems. (2007, March) Return on Investment: Fact or Fairy Tale? White Paper. Version 1. 1. 0 Retrieved September 5, 2008 from http://www. axiossystems. com/six/shared/downloads/pdf/ROI_fact_or_fairy_tale. pdf 3 Miles Technologies. Common Applications Using RFID for Asset Tracking and Other Applications. Retrieved September 5, 2008 from

Pol 202 Notes

POL 202: Introduction to International Relations Study Questions for Exam 3 Networks What role do transnational organizations and networks play in the boomerang model? In the boomerang model NGOs in one state are able to activate transnational linkage to bring pressure from other states on their own governments. When NGOs are blocked from influencing their own government they can activate their transnational networks and bring their plight to the attention of NGOs to other countries. TANs will mobilize opinions and voters in other counties. What is a Transnational Advocacy Network? Give an actual example.A Transnational Advocacy Network is a set of individual and nongovernmental organizations acting in pursuit of a normative objective. EX- Planned Parenthood Federation of America What do Transnational Advocacy Networks and Transnational Terrorist Networks have in common? They both aim to alter a behavior of a (foreign) government. Try to bring about social and political change What a re the stages of the norms life cycle? First Stage- Actors attempt to convince an important population to accept and embrace their belief. Second Stage -Norm becomes near universal standard of behavior.During the second stage, the idea becomes a universal standard of behavior. Third Stage- Norm is internalized. Once a norm is internalized, certain actions become â€Å"taboo,† while others are viewed as â€Å"correct† or appropriate. What do we mean when we say that terrorists are rational? Because to be rational a person/group has to have purposive behavior or the stategies by which individuals or groups pursue their interest which terrorist have. Rational is not a statement about the substance of a person/groups belief or idea and have having an alternative perspective from the majority does not make them irrational.What is the difference between the terrorist strategies of coercion and provocation? Coercion- The threat or imposition of costs on other actors in order to change their behavior. Means of international include military force, economic, sanctions, and embargoes. Provocation- A strategy terrorists attacks intended to provoke the targets government into making a disproportionate response that alienates moderates in terrorists' home society or in other sympathetic audiences. What is the difference between the terrorist strategies of spoiling and outbidding?Spoiling- A strategy of terrorist attacks intended to sabotage a prospective peace between the target and moderate leadership from the terrorists' home society. Outbidding- A strategy of terrorists attacks designed to demonstrate a capability for leadership and commitment a capability for relative to another, similar terrorist groups. Identify two limitations that will likely prevent Transnational Advocacy Networks from replacing national governments. 1. Cannot legally bind their members. 2. Must rely on voluntary compliance from their targets 3. Depend on benign treatment from states .Human Rights Identify three specific civil and political rights recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human rights. 1. ) life and liberty. 2. ) prohibition of slavery. 3. ) freedom from arbitrary arrest. 4. ) prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. 5. ) right to privacy. 6. ) right of assembly. Identify three specific economic and social rights recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human rights. 1. ) right to marry and have a family. 2. ) right to own property. 3. ) right to social security. 4. ) right to education. 5. ) right to work. 6. ) right to have rest and leisure.What is the principal legal difference between the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the two subsequent covenants? The other two are legal binding and internationally enforceable treaties. What documents comprise what is frequently called the International Bill of Rights? Universal Declaration of Human Rights, The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and The Internati onal Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). What is the most common reason that governments violate the human rights of their citizens?Some governments violate human rights not because they are attacked, but in order to preserve their own rule. EX- After a military coup in Argentina in 1976: The Dirty War, a 7-year campaign against opponents of the regime, immediately began Almost 10,000 people were killed What is the purpose of the International Criminal Court? What type of international institutions was it intended to replace? the International Criminal Court is a permanent tribunal its purpose is to to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes. The ICC is a court of â€Å"last resort. †. It replaced international ad hoc tribunals.Identify two important innovations in human rights institutions that are likely to have implications for the future. Individual Petition- Individuals are allowed to petition the Court directly if they claim a state has violated rights that are denoted in the ECHR. Individual petitions make it harder for states to block international courts from hearing cases they fear they might lose. Universal Jurisdiction- Countries may claim the right to prosecute perpetrators of crimes against humanity. This means that the location of the crime and the citizenship of the individuals involved are irrelevant.Universal jurisdiction is useful for war crimes, genocide, torture, and other serious offenses. What is universal jurisdiction. Give an actual historical example of its use. It is a principle in which countries claim the right to prosecute perpetrators of crimes against humanity regardless of the citizenship of the individual involved and the location where the crime occurred. EX-Case of Augusto Pinochet he ruled Chile in 1973-1990 and was indicted by Spanish court on numerous and charged with human rights violations in 1998. Arrested in UK in 1998 and detained.He Returned to Chile in 2000 †¢ Indicted or implicated in > 300 crimes in Chile†¢ Died in 2006 prior to trial What is individual petition? Why is it significant in international relations? A right that permits individuals to petition appropriate international legal bodies directly if they believe a state has violated their rights. Significance is that individual petitions make it harder for states to block international courts from hearing cases they fear they might lose and Individuals are allowed to petition the Court directly if they claim a state has violated rights that are denoted in the ECHR.Global Environment Why does addressing global environmental problems resemble a Prisoners' Dilemma situation? Because although a state might want to help it is in their interest to defect and have all the other state cooperating. Want cleaner environment but seek to achieve it by free riding. `What is an externality? Give an example. An externality is the cost or benefits for stakeholders other than th e actor undertaking an action. When an externality exists, the decision maker does not bear all the costs or reap all the gains from his or her action.EX- if a firm decides to dump waste into a river, others bear the costs of either using contaminated water or purifying it themselves. Explain how the European Emissions Trading Scheme has managed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gasses. It has done that by giving the 5 dirtiest industries a tradable allowances for greenhouse gases up to the level of its existing emissions. Firms that want to exceed those levels now have to purchase credits from other European firms thus the emission levels don't rise over all they are simply shifted from one country to another.How do common pool resources differ from pure public goods. Given an example of global common pool resources. Common pool resources are goods that are available to everyone, such as open ocean fisheries ; it is difficult to exclude anyone from using the common pool, but one us er's consumption reduces the amount available for others unlike public good where the quantity of the good can not be diminished. What was the purpose of the Montreal Protocol of 1989? It was an international treaty that is designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of CFCs and other chemical compounds.What is the most common role of Transnational Advocacy Networks in dealing with global environment problems? They monitor compliance with the environmental agreements. Environmental TANs often play the role of â€Å"fire alarm† and call attention to governments who violate agreements. Identify two reasons why ozone depletion has been an easier problem to deal with than climate change. There has been greater cooperation on ozone depletion, whereas reductions in CO2 are highly controversial. 1. ) In ozone's case the gains from the ban on CFC far exceeded the costs of change.IN the case of climate change the are large costs to reducing CO2 and on ly long term benefits. Fossil fuel is way more important in the world economy and reducing it by 50% would cost the world 2 to 8 percent of the world's GDP. 2. )Since the CFC industry was highly concentrated and small it was easier for states to cooperate (the fossil fuel industry is the opposite)- collective action problem. The Future What states are known to currently posses nuclear weapons. Untied States, Russia, United Kingdom (? ), France (? ), China (? ), India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel is also suspected to have them.Name the five states recognized as nuclear weapons states under the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. Untied States, Russia, United Kingdom, France, and China. Identify the three â€Å"pillars† of the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and explain the aim or goal of each. Non-Proliferation- Prohibited from assisting in nuclear weapons capability Disarmament- NWS agree to seek to eliminate nuclear weapons Right to peaceful use nuclear technology- All have â€Å"inalienable right† to peaceful use of nuclear technology What is the role of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) under the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty?To inspect non-nuclear states in the treaty to make sure they are not developing nuclear weapons like the promised. The IAEA inspections ensure that non-nuclear states do not divert enriched uranium or plutonium from their reactors and use those fissle materials to build nuclear weapons. State that are part of the treaty promise to submit to these inspections. In terms of the bargaining framework first introduced in Chapter 3, is a substantial shift in power likely to be more dangerous if the cost of war is high or if the cost of war is low? Why?It will be more dangerous if the cost of war is low because the state that is declining in power would expect to gain more from going to war than from bargaining and also all out comes that can be achieved by bargaining are farther away from that states ideal point than the ones that can be achieved by going to war. While when the cost of war is high both states have an increased bargaining ranged which is closer to their ideal points. Is the continuation of globalization inevitable? If so why? If not, what might slow or reverse it? No, history tells us that globalization is neither inevitable nor irreversible.Political conflict can slow or even reverse seemingly inevitable economic processes. For example: a period of globalization in 1913 was suddenly halted by the start of World War. How does the spread of information and communication technology increase income inequality? The spread of information and communication technology increase income inequality by making it easier for free trade and capital to flow which as increase the use of both in the process and since free trade and capital flows create both winners and losers it causes a greater increase in income inequality. What was the â€Å"Battle of Seattle†?In Novemb er 1999, delegates to a conference of the WTO met in Seattle. There were so many people protesting the conference that it became known as the â€Å"Battle of Seattle† and the meeting adjourned without an agreement. In the context of economic globalization, what is meant by the phrase â€Å"race to the bottom†? Each government sets its own rules, so governments may lower their standards in the competition to attract investment. Why is voting in the IMF said to be undemocratic Because states voting power in the IMF is based on currency rather than population. States with more money have a greater share of voting power.

Siege of Fort Wayne in War of 1812

Siege of Fort Wayne in War of 1812 Siege of Fort Wayne - Conflict Date: The Siege of Fort Wayne was fought September 5-12, 1812, during the War of 1812 (1812-1815). Armies Commanders Native Americans Chief WinamacChief Five Medals500 men United States Captain James RheaLieutenant Philip OstanderMajor General William Henry HarrisonGarrison: 100 men, Relief Force: 2,200 men Siege of Fort Wayne - Background: In the years after the American Revolution, the United States encountered increasing resistance from the Native American tribes in the Northwest Territory. These tensions initially manifested themselves in the Northwest Indian War which saw American troops badly defeated at the Wabash before Major General Anthony Wayne won a decisive victory at Fallen Timbers in 1794. As American settlers pushed west, Ohio entered the Union and the point of conflict began to shift to the Indiana Territory. Following the Treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, which transferred title of 3,000,000 acres in present-day Indiana and Illinois from the Native Americans to the United States, the Shawnee leader Tecumseh began agitating the regions tribes to block the documents implementation. These efforts culminated with a military campaign which saw the territorys governor, William Henry Harrison, defeat the Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Siege of Fort Wayne - The Situation: With the beginning of the War of 1812 in June 1812, Native American forces began attacking American frontier installations in support of British efforts to the north. In July, Fort Michilimackinac fell and on August 15 the garrison of Fort Dearborn was massacred as it attempted to evacuate the post. The following day, Major General Isaac Brock compelled Brigadier General William Hull to surrender Detroit. To the southwest, the commander at Fort Wayne, Captain James Rhea, learned of Fort Dearborns loss on August 26 when a survivor of the massacre, Corporal Walter Jordan, arrived. Though a significant outpost, Fort Waynes fortifications has been allowed to deteriorate during Rheas command. Two days after Jordans arrival, a local trader, Stephen Johnston, was killed near the fort. Worried about the situation, efforts began to evacuate women and children east to Ohio under the guidance of Shawnee scout Captain Logan. As September commenced, a large number of Miamis and Potawatomis began arriving at Fort Wayne under the leadership of Chiefs Winamac and Five Medals. Concerned about this development, Rhea requested aid from Ohio Governor Return Meigs and Indian Agent John Johnston. Increasingly unable to cope with the situation, Rhea began drinking heavily. In this state, he met with the two chiefs on September 4 and was informed that other frontier posts had fallen and the Fort Wayne would be next. Siege of Fort Wayne - Fighting Begins: The next morning, Winamac and Five Medals initiated hostilities when their warriors attacked two of Rheas men. This was followed by an assault on the east side of the fort. Though this was repulsed, the Native Americans began burning the adjacent village and constructed two wooden cannon in an effort to trick the defenders into believing they had artillery. Stilling drinking, Rhea retired to his quarters claiming illness. As a result, the defense of the fort fell to Indian Agent Benjamin Stickney and Lieutenants Daniel Curtis and Philip Ostander. That evening, Winamac approached the fort and was admitted to parley. During the meeting he drew a knife with the intention of killing Stickney. Prevented from doing so, he was expelled from the fort. Around 8:00 PM, the Native Americans renewed their efforts against Fort Waynes walls. Fighting continued through the night with the Native Americans making unsuccessful efforts to set the forts walls on fire. Around 3:00 PM the next day, Winama c and Five Medals briefly withdrew. The pause proved brief and new attacks commenced after dark. Siege of Fort Wayne - Relief Efforts: Having learned of the defeats along the frontier, the Governor of Kentucky, Charles Scott, appointed Harrison a major general in the state militia and directed him to take men to reinforce Fort Wayne. This action was taken despite the fact that Brigadier General James Winchester, commander of the Army of the Northwest, technically was in charge of military efforts in the region. Dispatching a letter of apology to Secretary of War William Eustis, Harrison began moving north with around 2,200 men. Advancing, Harrison learned that fighting at Fort Wayne had begun and dispatched a scouting party led by William Oliver and Captain Logan to assess the situation. Racing through the Native American lines, they reached the fort and informed the defenders that help was coming. After meeting with Stickney and the lieutenants, they escaped and reported back to Harrison. Though pleased that the fort was holding, Harrison grew concerned when he received reports that Tecumseh was leading a mixed force of over 500 Native American and British troops towards Fort Wayne. Driving his men forward, he reached the St. Marys River on September 8 where he was reinforced by 800 militiamen from Ohio. With Harrison approaching, Winamac mounted a final assault against the fort on September 11. Taking heavy losses, he broke off the attack the next day and directed his warriors to retreat back across the Maumee River. Pushing on, Harrison reached the fort later in the day and relieved the garrison. Siege of Fort Wayne - Aftermath: Taking control, Harrison arrested Rhea and placed Ostander in command of the fort. Two days later, he began directing elements of his command to conduct punitive raids against Native American villages in the region. Operating from Fort Wayne, troops burned Forks of the Wabash as well as Five Medals Village. Shortly thereafter, Winchester arrived at Fort Wayne and relieved Harrison. This situation was quickly reversed on September 17 when Harrison was appointed a major general in the US Army and given command of the Army of the Northwest. Harrison would remain in this post for much of the war and would later win a decisive victory at the Battle of the Thames in October 1813. The successful defense of Fort Wayne, as well as the triumph at the Battle of Fort Harrison to the southwest, halted the string of British and Native American victories on the frontier. Defeated at the two forts, the Native Americans reduced their attacks on settlers in the region. Selected Sources Historic Fort Wayne: The SiegeHMDB: The Siege of Fort Wayne

Conjugating the French Verb Rire (to Laugh)

Conjugating the French Verb Rire (to Laugh) In French, the verb  rire  means to laugh. Its a fun and simple word and, hopefully, youll have plenty of opportunities to use it while studying French. The key to using  rire  properly in sentences is learning the most common conjugations so you can use it in the present, past, and future tenses. This lesson will show you how thats done. The Basic Conjugations of  Rire Rire may be a short word, but its also an irregular verb. This means that it does not follow the same pattern for the infinitive endings as most other French verbs. However, it is similar to sourire (to smile), so you can study the two together to make each a little easier. To start any conjugation, we need to identify the verb stem. In this case, that is simply   ri-. With that, youll add the various endings that match the subject pronoun as well as the tense of the sentence. For example, I am laughing is  je ris  and we laughed is  nous riions. Present Future Imperfect je ris rirai riais tu ris riras riais il rit rira riait nous rions rirons riions vous riez rirez riiez ils rient riront riaient The Present Participle of Rire In French, the  present participle  is most often formed by adding -ant  to the verb stem. Rire  follows this rule to form  riant. Rire  in the Past Tense Rather than use the imperfect to indicate the past tense of laughed, you can use the passà © composà ©. To form it, you will need the auxiliary verb avoir and the very short past participle ri. It is rather easy to construct this common form of the past tense. For example, I laughed is  jai ri  and we were laughing is  nous avons ri. Notice how  avoir  is the only word that needs to be conjugated and that it is in the present tense. This is because the past participle indicates that the action has already happened. More Simple Conjugations of Rire The verb conjugations above are most common, but you may need to know more forms of  rire  as you become more fluent in French. For instance, if theres a doubt as to whether someone is laughing, you can use the subjunctive verb mood. In a similar fashion, if someone wont laugh unless something else happens, use the conditional verb mood. There may also be times when youll encounter either the passà © simple  or  the imperfect subjunctive. These are, however, most often found in formal French, particularly literature. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je rie rirais ris risse tu ries rirais ris risses il rie rirait rit rt nous riions ririons rmes rissions vous riiez ririez rtes rissiez ils rient riraient rirent rissent When you wish to use  rire  in short commands or requests theres no need to include the subject pronoun. This is called  the imperative verb mood  and rather than saying  tu ris, you can simplify it to  ris. Imperative (tu) ris (nous) rions (vous) riez

Ethical architecture Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethical architecture - Literature review Example Thomas Fisher, a professor in College of Design at USA mentions in his book ‘Architectural Design and Ethics’ that this concept offers a theoretical foundation including suggestions to the students of architecture as well as those related to this field as professionals. The concept of ethical architecture demonstrates ideas that make us rethink all those responsibilities that will further assist in designing more sustainable plans for ourselves. Fisher further clarifies the fact that today’s human being is living in a dynamic world where several exponential curves related growth can be seen like the diversion in global population, the gap between rich and poor, the growing demand of limited resources etc. So, keeping in mind all those realities, Fisher, put forward a hypothesis related to architecture and ethics and further explores that buildings can also do a great deal of work and can give moral and social dimensions. He also demonstrates the ideas through whic h architects can make more appealing buildings and will definitely nurture sustainability in the field of architecture development. Architecture and Ethics While representing the idea of architecture and ethics, Graham Owen depicts that ethics play a great role in architectural schools. Ethics are basically, related with the relations among architects, the clients as well as the society. These relations are formally codified and formulated by the governing organizations. However, it is a fact that, most often, less attention is paid to this corner. Usually it is overlooked how various ethics between architects and society can be generated and altered efficiently. Graham Owen further mentions the idea that ethical concerns in architecture sometimes become more controversial and crucial because of the religious beliefs. He mentions the quote of a famous architect, Elizabeth Schmidt who said that, â€Å"While of course everyone believes in good ethics, the problem with it as a pedagog ical principle is that it smacks of nineteenth- century moralism and therefore of religiously based instruction, I firmly believe in the separation of church and state.† (Owen, 2009. Pp: 3) From the above mentioned concept of Schmidt, it can be judged that to understand and learn ethics in the school of architecture is just to incorporate particular interpretations of ethics. Whereas an alternate approach defines ethics as the language of values and morals. Ethics do not relate with someone’s particular morals. However, later approaches shoe that ethics can better hold up professionalism and advancement in any particular field which might be education and architecture. In urban dwelling, especially schools of designs, designing and building complexities are basically focused along with the ethics of creative and technological progress. Ethical Function of Architecture: In addition to previous concepts, Karsten Harries further mentioned that architecture always performs an ethical function or have moral approach. For example a functional building with beautiful and appealing architecture will obviously render a beautiful impact and image in the mind of observers. So, this will depict the power of beauty as well. A building with rich architecture and ethical consideration will definitely leave long lasting image in the minds of observers. When we talk about the evolution of human being, we can see that human were first emerged as wild beasts with long bears, hair on their bodies, in woods living in cages and live along with fire. Later on time got changed and went on and on. People started changing their life style and became more and more civilized. They started learning various arts and ethics to pass better life. And these arts jointly give rise to ethical considerations and evolution of cities and cultures. Harries further elaborated several examples to clarify that buildings offer functional approach and provide a complete way to life to human as well as animals. Dwellings not only serve but